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BIO 235 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bone

A

an organ made up of several different tissues working together: bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue,
epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.

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2
Q

The entire framework
of bones and their cartilages constitute the

A

Skeletal System

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3
Q

The study
of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is referred to as:

A

Osteology

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4
Q

Skeletal System Basic Functions:

A

Support, Protection, Assistance in Movement, Mineral Homeostasis, Blood Cell Production, Triglyceride Storage

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5
Q

Parts of a Long Bone

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphyses, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum

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6
Q

The bone’s shaft
or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone:

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

The Epiphyses

A

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone

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8
Q

Metaphyses

A

the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate.

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9
Q

The articular cartilage

A

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering
the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint)
with another.

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds
the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

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11
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

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12
Q

Functions of Bone tissue

A

Supports soft tissue and provides attachment for skeletal muscles.
2. Protects internal organs.
3. Assists in movement, along with skeletal muscles.
4. Stores and releases minerals.
5. Contains red bone marrow, which
produces blood cells.
6. Contains yellow bone marrow, which stores triglycerides (fats).

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13
Q

Endosteum

A

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of
bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

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14
Q

Bone/Osseous Tissue

A

Contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells. The extracellular matrix is about 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.

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15
Q

Four types of cells present in bone tissue:

A

osteoprogenitor
cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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16
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

are unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme, the
tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed. They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells
develop into osteoblasts. Osteoprogenitor cells are found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels.

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells. Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and
other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix
of bone tissue, and they initiate calcification

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, are the
main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such
as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

are huge cells derived
from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.

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20
Q

bone resorption

A

breakdown of bone extracellular matrix. part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of
bone.

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21
Q

Compact Bone Tissue

A

Contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue. Found beneath the periosteum

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22
Q

Compact bone tissue is composed of repeating structural units
called

A

Osteons

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23
Q

Each osteon consists of:

A

concentric lamellae arranged around an osteonic (haversian
or central) canal.

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24
Q

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called

A

Lacunae- contain osteocytes

25
Q

Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are:

A

canaliculi

26
Q

The areas between neighbouring osteons contain lamellae called

A

interstitial lamellae

27
Q

Blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone through transverse

A

interosteonic canals

28
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

develop during initial bone formation

29
Q

Spongy Bone Tissue

A

does not contain osteons. always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone. It consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called trabeculae.

30
Q

Spongy bone is always:

A

covered by a layer of compact bone for protection.

31
Q

Spongy bone tissue is different from compact bone tissue in two
respects:

A

1)Spongy bone tissue is light 2)The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue support and protect the red bone marrow.

32
Q

Periosteal arteries

A

small arteries accompanied by nerves, enter the diaphysis through many interosteonic (Volkmann’s or perforating) canals and supply the periosteum and
outer part of the compact bone

33
Q

nutrient artery

A

Near the center of the
diaphysis, a large nutrient artery passes through a hole in compact
bone called the nutrient foramen

34
Q

metaphyseal arteries

A

enter the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses.

35
Q

The epiphyseal
arteries

A

enter the epiphyses of a long bone and supply
the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses

36
Q

Veins that carry blood away from long bones are evident in three
places:

A

(1) One or two nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit through the diaphysis; (2) numerous epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit
through the epiphyses and metaphyses, respectively; and (3) many small periosteal veins accompany their respective arteries and exit
through the periosteum.

37
Q

Nerves:

A

accompany the blood vessels that supply bones.

38
Q

The process by which bone forms is called

A

Ossification

39
Q

Bone formation occurs in four principal situations:

A

(1) the initial
formation of bones in an embryo and fetus, (2) the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until their adult sizes are reached, (3) the remodeling of bone (replacement of old bone by new bone tissue throughout life), and (4) the repair of fractures (breaks in bones) throughout life.

40
Q

Two patterns of bone formation:

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

41
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

bone forms directly within mesenchyme,
which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes. Simpler method

42
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme.

43
Q

Steps in Intramembranous Ossification

A

Development of the ossification center, Calcification, Formation of trabeculae, development of the periosteum

44
Q

Steps in Endochondrial Ossification

A

Development of the cartilage model, growth of the cartilage model, Development of the primary ossification center, Development of the medullary (marrow) cavity, Development of the secondary ossification centers, Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal (growth)
plate.

45
Q

Growth in Length

A

(1) interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate and (2) replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral ossification.

46
Q

The epiphyseal plate

A

a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of four zones

47
Q

4 zones of the epiphyseal plate:

A

Zone of resting cartilage, Zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophic cartilage, zone of calcified cartilage

48
Q

Growth in Thickness

A

bone can grow in
thickness (diameter) only by appositional growth

49
Q

Bone remodelling

A

the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

50
Q

Bone resorption

A

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

51
Q

Bone deposition

A

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers
to bone by osteoblasts.

52
Q

Factors affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodelling

A

Minerals, Vitamins, Hormones,

53
Q

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

A

Hormones most important to bone growth. Produced by the liver and bone tissue.

54
Q

Sex Hormones

A

at puberty the secretion of sex hormones causes dramatic effect of bone growth.

55
Q

Bone is the body’s major __________ resevoir

A

Calcium

56
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

This hormone increases blood Ca2+
level.

57
Q

PTH stimulates formation of

A

calcitriol (Active form of vitamin D)

58
Q

When blood Ca2+ rises above normal, parafollicular cells in the
thyroid gland secrete

A

Calcitonin

59
Q
A

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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