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BIO 235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationship among them

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2
Q

Define “Dissection”

A

The careful cutting apart of body structures and to study their relationships

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3
Q

Define “Physiology”

A

The science of the body functions - the structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions

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4
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, and Organism

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5
Q

What level of structural organization is a very basic level and includes atoms and molecules?

A

Chemical

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6
Q

What level of structural organization includes molecules combining to form cells.

A

Cellular

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7
Q

What level of structural organization includes groups of cells called Tissue that work together to perform a particular function?

A

Tissue Level

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8
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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9
Q

Level of structural organization that includes structures that are composed of 2 or more types of tissue

A

Organ Level

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10
Q

Level of organization that consists of related organ with a common function.

A

System Level

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11
Q

Level of organization that consists of all the parts of the human body functioning together

A

Organism Level

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12
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

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13
Q

Identify the 9 basic life processes of the human body.

A

Metabolism, Catabolism, Anabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Stem Cells, Reproduction

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14
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

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15
Q

Define Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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16
Q

Define Anabolism

A

The building up of the complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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17
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

Life process that includes detecting and responding to changes

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18
Q

Define Movement

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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19
Q

Define Growth

A

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both

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20
Q

Define Differentiation

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

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21
Q

Stem Cells

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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22
Q

Reproduction

A

Refers to either to (1) the formation of new cells/tissue growth; repair, replace, or (2) the production of a new individual.

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes.

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24
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

Control of Homeostasis, Feedback system/loop, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Input, Control Centre, Output, Efferent Pathway, Effector, Response

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25
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition. (Controlling blood pressure)

26
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions (Normal childbirth)

27
Q

Compare + and - feedback systems

A

+ feedback systems: can cause life threatening conditions in the body. - feedback systems slows and then stops as the controlled condition returns to normal. + reinforce conditions that do not happen very often. - regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods.

28
Q

Directional Terms

A

Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

29
Q

Anterior

A

front

30
Q

Posterior

A

back

31
Q

Superior

A

toward the upper part of the body

32
Q

Inferior

A

toward the lower part of the body

33
Q

Lateral

A

farther from the midline

34
Q

Medial

A

nearer to the midline

35
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of the structure

36
Q

Distal

A

farther from the attachment of a link to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

37
Q

Intermediate

A

between 2 structures

38
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

39
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

40
Q

Superficial

A

toward or on the surface of the body

41
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

42
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass throughout the body parts

43
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Imaginary vertical line that divides the body in equal L and R sides.

44
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into R and L sides; when such plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal R or L sides.

45
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal R or L sides

46
Q

Frontal or coronal plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions

47
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides body or an organ into superior or inferior portions

48
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle

49
Q

Section

A

Is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes

50
Q

Body Cavities

A

are spaces that enclose internal organs, bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures that separate various body cavities from one another

51
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

52
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Formed by vertebral column.
Contains: Spinal cord & the beginnings of spinal nerves (Meninges)

53
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Chest cavity
Contains: pleural/pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

54
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Located in thoracic cavity. A space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lung

55
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

56
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm.
Contains: heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several huge blood vessels.

57
Q

Diaphragm

A

a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

58
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

59
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and mos of large intestine.
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

60
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organ of reproduction.

61
Q

Viscera

A

A thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities

62
Q
A

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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