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BIO 235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The science of body structures and the relationship among them

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2
Q

Define “Dissection”

A

The careful cutting apart of body structures and to study their relationships

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3
Q

Define “Physiology”

A

The science of the body functions - the structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions

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4
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, and Organism

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5
Q

What level of structural organization is a very basic level and includes atoms and molecules?

A

Chemical

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6
Q

What level of structural organization includes molecules combining to form cells.

A

Cellular

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7
Q

What level of structural organization includes groups of cells called Tissue that work together to perform a particular function?

A

Tissue Level

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8
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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9
Q

Level of structural organization that includes structures that are composed of 2 or more types of tissue

A

Organ Level

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10
Q

Level of organization that consists of related organ with a common function.

A

System Level

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11
Q

Level of organization that consists of all the parts of the human body functioning together

A

Organism Level

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12
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

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13
Q

Identify the 9 basic life processes of the human body.

A

Metabolism, Catabolism, Anabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Stem Cells, Reproduction

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14
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.

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15
Q

Define Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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16
Q

Define Anabolism

A

The building up of the complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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17
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

Life process that includes detecting and responding to changes

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18
Q

Define Movement

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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19
Q

Define Growth

A

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both

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20
Q

Define Differentiation

A

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.

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21
Q

Stem Cells

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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22
Q

Reproduction

A

Refers to either to (1) the formation of new cells/tissue growth; repair, replace, or (2) the production of a new individual.

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interactions of the body’s many regulatory processes.

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24
Q

Components of a feedback system

A

Control of Homeostasis, Feedback system/loop, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Input, Control Centre, Output, Efferent Pathway, Effector, Response

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25
Negative Feedback System
Reverses a change in a controlled condition. (Controlling blood pressure)
26
Positive Feedback System
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions (Normal childbirth)
27
Compare + and - feedback systems
+ feedback systems: can cause life threatening conditions in the body. - feedback systems slows and then stops as the controlled condition returns to normal. + reinforce conditions that do not happen very often. - regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods.
28
Directional Terms
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
29
Anterior
front
30
Posterior
back
31
Superior
toward the upper part of the body
32
Inferior
toward the lower part of the body
33
Lateral
farther from the midline
34
Medial
nearer to the midline
35
Proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of the structure
36
Distal
farther from the attachment of a link to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
37
Intermediate
between 2 structures
38
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
39
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
40
Superficial
toward or on the surface of the body
41
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
42
Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass throughout the body parts
43
Midsagittal Plane
Imaginary vertical line that divides the body in equal L and R sides.
44
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into R and L sides; when such plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal R or L sides.
45
Parasagittal Plane
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal R or L sides
46
Frontal or coronal plane
Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions
47
Transverse Plane
Divides body or an organ into superior or inferior portions
48
Oblique Plane
Passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle
49
Section
Is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes
50
Body Cavities
are spaces that enclose internal organs, bones, muscles, ligaments and other structures that separate various body cavities from one another
51
Cranial Cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
52
Vertebral Cavity
Formed by vertebral column. Contains: Spinal cord & the beginnings of spinal nerves (Meninges)
53
Thoracic Cavity
Chest cavity Contains: pleural/pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
54
Pleural Cavity
Located in thoracic cavity. A space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lung
55
Pericardial Cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
56
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm. Contains: heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several huge blood vessels.
57
Diaphragm
a dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
58
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
59
Abdominal Cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and mos of large intestine. The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
60
Pelvic Cavity
contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organ of reproduction.
61
Viscera
A thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
62

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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