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BIO 235 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities.

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2
Q

Histology

A

the science that deals with the study of tissues.

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3
Q

Pathologist

A

a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.

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4
Q

Body tissues can be classified into 4 basic types based on function and structure. What are these 4 types

A

Epithelial tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous Tissue

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs,
body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the
body to interact with both its internal and external environments.

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6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

protects and supports the body and its organs.
Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store
energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to
disease-causing organisms.

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7
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates
heat that warms the body.

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8
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

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9
Q

Cell Junctions

A

are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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10
Q

Five most important types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes,
hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

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11
Q

Tight Junctions

A

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells

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12
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

plaque (PLAK), a dense
layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches
both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Adherens junctions help epithelial
surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities.

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13
Q

Cadherins

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins that join the cell

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14
Q

Adhesion Belts

A

In epithelial cells, adherens junctions oft en form extensive
zones called adhesion belts

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another. the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments.

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16
Q

Hemidmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells.

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17
Q

Integrins

A

the transmembrane
glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes

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18
Q

Laminin

A

On the outside of the
plasma membrane, the integrins attach to the protein.

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19
Q

Gap Junctions

A

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells.

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20
Q

Comparison between
Epithelial and Connective
Tissues

A

The first obvious difference is the number of cells in relation
to the extracellular matrix (the substance between cells). The second obvious difference is that an epithelial tissue has
no blood vessels, whereas most connective tissues have significant networks of blood vessels.

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21
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. Epithelial tissue protects, secretes (mucus, hormones, and enzymes), absorbs (nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract), and excretes (various
substances in the urinary tract).

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22
Q

3 different Surfaces of Epithelial Cells

A

Apical Surface, Lateral Surface, Basal Surface

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23
Q

Apical Surface

A

faces the body surface, a body cavity, the
lumen (interior space) of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that
receives cell secretions. May contain cilia and microvili

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24
Q

Lateral Surface

A

face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions.

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25
Q

Basal Surface

A

Deepest layer of cells

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26
Q

Basement membrane

A

thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina. Attaches to and anchors the epithelium to its underlying connective tissue. Form a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing, restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue, and participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys.

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27
Q

Basal Lamina

A

It contains proteins such as laminin and collagen as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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28
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective
tissue cells called fibroblasts

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29
Q

Avascular

A

Epithelial tissue is avascular and has its own nerve supply. Relying on the
blood vessels of the adjacent connective tissue to bring nutrients and remove wastes.

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30
Q

Exchange of substances between an epithelial tissue
and connective tissue occurs by

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

Different roles of Epithelial Tissue

A

protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

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32
Q

Epithelial Tissue Divided into 2 types

A

Covering and
lining epithelium and Glandular epithelium.

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33
Q

Covering and
lining epithelium

A

forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of
blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory,
digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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34
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland,
adrenal glands, sweat glands, and digestive glands.

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35
Q

Arrangement of cell layers

A

Simple Epithelium, Pseudostratified epithelium, Stratified epithelium

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36
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption. Secretion
is the production and release of substances such as mucus,
sweat, or enzymes. Absorption is the intake of fluids or other
substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.

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37
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface; it is actually a simple epithelium because all its cells rest on the basement membrane. Cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia; others (goblet cells) secrete mucus.

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38
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

consists of two or more
layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear.

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39
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

A

1) the arrangement of cells into layers and 2) the shapes of the cells

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40
Q

Cell Shapes

A

Squamous cells, . Cuboidal cells, Columnar cells, Transitional cells

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41
Q

Squamous cells

A

thin, which allows for the
rapid passage of substances through them.

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42
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

tall as they are wide and are shaped like
cubes or hexagons. They may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption.

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43
Q

Columnar cells

A

taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they oft en are specialized for secretion
and absorption.

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44
Q

Transitional cells

A

change shape, from squamous to cuboidal
and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch (distend) to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size.

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45
Q

Simple epithelium

A

A. Simple squamous epithelium
1. Endothelium (lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels)
2. Mesothelium (forms epithelial layer of serous membranes)
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple columnar epithelium
1. Nonciliated (lacks cilia)
2. Ciliated (contains cilia)
D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1. Nonciliated (lacks cilia)
2. Ciliated (contains cilia)

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46
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

A. Stratified squamous epithelium*
1. Nonkeratinized (lacks keratin)
2. Keratinized (contains keratin)
B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium*
C. Stratified columnar epithelium*
D. Transitional epithelium or urothelium (lines most of urinary tract)

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47
Q

Function of Glandular Epithelium

A

secretion, which is accomplished by glandular cells that oft en lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium.

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48
Q

Gland

A

consists of epithelium that secretes
substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts.

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49
Q

Two type of glands

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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50
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secretions are called hormones, enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through
a duct.

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51
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ.

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52
Q

Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

A

Unicellular and multicellular

53
Q

Simple Gland

A

gland does not branch

54
Q

Compound Gland

A

duct
branches

55
Q

Tubular Glands

A

Glands with tubular secretory parts

56
Q

Acinar Glands

A

those with rounded secretory
portions

57
Q

Tubuloacinar glands

A

both tubular and more
rounded secretory parts.

58
Q

Merocrine Gland

A

are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed,
sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the
cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.

59
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the
secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis
from the rest of the cell to release the secretion

60
Q

Holocrine Gland

A

accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the
secretory product

61
Q

Connective Tissue

A

one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body

62
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A

t binds together, supports, and strengthens
other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; serves as the major
transport system within the body (blood, a fluid connective tissue);
is the primary location of stored energy reserves (adipose, or fat,
tissue); and is the main source of immune responses.

63
Q

2 basic elements of Connective Tissue

A

extracellular matrix
and cells.

64
Q

extracellular matrix

A

is the material located between its widely spaced cells. The extracellular matrix
consists of protein fibers and ground substance, the material between the
cells and the fibers.

65
Q

Connective Tissue Cells

A

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Plasma Cells, Mast Cells, Adipocytes, Leukocytes

66
Q

Fibroblasts

A

large, flat cells with
branching processes. They are present in all the general connective
tissues, and usually are the most numerous.

67
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood
cell. Two types: Fixed and Wandering

68
Q

Plasma Cells

A

most plasma cells reside in connective tissue, especially in the
gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

69
Q

Mast Cells

A

involved in the inflammatory response,
the body’s reaction to injury or infection and can also bind to,
ingest, and kill bacteria.

70
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells, connective
tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). They are found deep to
the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

71
Q

Leukocytes (WBC)

A

in response to certain
conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue.

72
Q

The extracellular
matrix consists of two major components:

A

(1) the ground substance
and (2) the fibers

73
Q

Ground Substance

A

the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers. It supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells.

74
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain
the shape of the eyeballs.

75
Q

Fibers

A

are embedded in the extracellular
matrix between the cells: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular
fibers. They function to strengthen and support connective tissues.

76
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but they are not stiff , which allows tissue
flexibility.

77
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

An elastic fiber consists of molecules of the protein elastin surrounded by a glycoprotein named fibrillin, which adds strength and
stability. strong but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without
breaking

78
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

provide support and strength.

79
Q

Stroma

A

supporting
framework) of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

80
Q

Classification of Connective Tissue

A

I. Embryonic connective tissue
A. Mesenchyme
B. Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue
II. Mature connective tissue
A. Connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue
a. Areolar connective tissue
b. Adipose tissue
c. Reticular connective tissue
2. Dense connective tissue
a. Dense regular connective tissue
b. Dense irregular connective tissue
c. Elastic connective tissue
B. Supporting connective tissue
1. Cartilage
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
2. Bone tissue
a. Compact bone
b. Spongy bone
C. Liquid connective tissue
1. Blood
2. Lymph

81
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

connective tissue present in an embryo or a fetus.

82
Q

Mature connective tissue

A

connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life.

83
Q

connective tissue proper

A

flexible and contains a viscous ground substance with abundant
fibers.

84
Q

supporting
connective tissue

A

protects and supports soft tissues of the
body.

85
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix is liquid.

86
Q

Two Types of Embryonic Connective Tissue

A

mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue

87
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

flexible and has a viscous ground substance with abundant
fibers.

88
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Loosely arranged between cells

89
Q

Types of Connective Tissue

A

areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular
connective tissue

90
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

contains more fibers, which are thicker and more densely packed, but have considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.

91
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

dense regular
connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

92
Q

Cartilage

A

consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance.

93
Q

Chondrocytes

A

The cells of mature cartilage. occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae.

94
Q

Perichondrium

A

surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves and is the source of new cartilage cells.

95
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

96
Q

The growth of cartilage follows two basic
patterns:

A

interstitial growth and appositional growth.

97
Q

Interstital growth

A

growth from
within the tissue.

98
Q

Appositional Growth

A

growth at the
outer surface of the tissue.

99
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Cartilage, joints, and bones make up the skeletal system. classified as either compact
or spongy, depending on how its extracellular matrix and cells are
organized.

100
Q

Basic Unit of Compact Bone

A

Osteon

101
Q

Osteon has 4 parts

A

Lamallae, Lacunae, canaliculi, central canal

102
Q

Lamallae

A

concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts
(mostly calcium and phosphates), which give bone its hardness
and compressive strength, and collagen fibers, which give bone its tensile strength. The lamellae are responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue.

103
Q

Lacunae

A

are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes.

104
Q

Canaliculi

A

networks of minute canals containing the processes of
osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them.

105
Q

Central Canal

A

contains blood vessels and nerves.

106
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Lacks osteons, consists of trabeculae

107
Q

Liquid Connective Tissue

A

liquid as its
extracellular matrix. Ex) Blood

108
Q

Examples of Liquid Connective Tissue

A

Blood, Lymph

109
Q

Membranes

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. The majority of membranes consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer and are called epithelial
membranes.

110
Q

Types of Epithelial Membranes

A

mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane, or skin.

111
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior.

112
Q

Lamina Propria

A

The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane that is an areolar connective tissue

113
Q

Serous Membranes

A

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
(thoracic or abdominal cavities), and it covers the organs that are
within the cavity.

114
Q

Two Layers of Serous Membranes

A

Parietal Layer and Visceral Layer

115
Q

Serous Fluid

A

mesothelium
of a serous membrane secretes this

116
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

covers the entire surface of the body and consists
of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion
called the dermis

117
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

line the cavities of freely movable joints (joint cavities).

118
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force. As a result, muscular
tissue produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates
heat. It also provides protection.

119
Q

3 types of Muscular Tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

120
Q

Skeletal Muscular Tissue

A

consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers (striations are alternating light and dark bands within fibers
that are visible under a light microscope). Motion, posture, heat production, protection.

121
Q

Cardiac Muscular Tissue

A

consists of branched, striated fibers with usually only one centrally located nucleus (occasionally two). Pumps blood to all parts of the body.

122
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

nonstriated fibers (lack striations, hence the term smooth). Motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder
and gallbladder).

123
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

consists of only two principal types of cells: neurons and neuroglia.

124
Q

Neurons

A

are sensitive to various stimuli. They convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials.

125
Q

3 parts of Neurons

A

a cell body and two kinds of cell processes—dendrites and axons

126
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A

Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli; converts stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials); conducts nerve impulses to
other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.

127
Q

Excitable Cells

A

Neurons and muscle fibers are considered excitable cells because
they exhibit electrical excitability,

128
Q

Electrical Excitability

A

the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials.

BIO 235 (10 decks)

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