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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

alimentary

A

pertaining to the digestive tract

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

whole passage which food moves along

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2
Q

anus

A

terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged

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2
Q

anal

A

pertaining to the anus

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3
Q

bariatric

A

treatment of obesity

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3
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism

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4
Q

digestive

A

pertaining to digestion

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5
Q

esophagus

A

tube linking the pharynx and the stomach

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6
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

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7
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

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7
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty of the stomach and intestines

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7
Q

gastroenterologist

A

medical specialist in gastroenterology

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8
Q

gastrointestinal

A

pertaining to the stomach and intestines

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8
Q

intestine

A

the digestive tube from stomach to anus

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8
Q

intestinal

A

pertaining to the intestines

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9
Q

laparoscopy

A

examination of contents of abdomen using an endoscope

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10
Q

laparoscope

A

instrument (endoscope) used for viewing abdominal contents

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11
Q

laparoscopic

A

pertaining to laparoscopy

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11
Q

nutrient

A

a substance in food required for normal physiologic function

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12
Q

nutritive

A

providing nourishment

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12
Q

nutrition

A

the study of food and liquid requirements for normal function of the human body

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13
Q

nutritionist

A

certified professional in nutrition science

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13
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

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14
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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14
Q

-atric

A

treatment

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15
Q

-ion

A

action

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16
Q

-ive

A

nature of, quality of

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16
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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17
Q

-logy

A

study of

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18
Q

-logist

A

one who studies, specialist

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18
Q

-scopy

A

to view, to examine

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19
Q

-scope

A

instrument for viewing

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19
Q

-ist

A

specialist in

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20
Q

aliment

A

nourishment, food

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20
Q

an

A

anus

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21
Q

bari

A

weight

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21
Q

digest

A

to break down food

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22
Q

gastr

A

stomach

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23
Q

enter

A

intestine

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24
Q

intestin

A

gut, intestine

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25
Q

lapar

A

abdomen in general

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26
Q

nutrit

A

nourishment

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26
Q

amylase

A

one of a group of enzymes that breaks down starch

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27
Q

bolus

A

a single mass of a substance

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27
Q

deglutition

A

the act of swallowing

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28
Q

elimination

A

removal of waste material from the digestive tract

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28
Q

enzyme

A

protein that induces changes in other substances

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29
Q

lipase

A

enzyme that breaks down fat

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29
Q

masticate

A

to chew

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29
Q

mastication

A

the process of chewing

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30
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of the intestinal wall to move food along the digestive tract

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30
Q

protease

A

group of enzymes that breaks down protein

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31
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

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31
Q

-ation

A

process

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32
Q

-ate

A

pertaining to, composed of

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32
Q

amyl

A

starch

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33
Q

deglutit

A

to swallow

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33
Q

elimin

A

throw away

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34
Q

-zyme

A

fermenting

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34
Q

lip

A

fat

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35
Q

mastic

A

chew

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35
Q

-stalsis

A

constrict

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35
Q

prot

A

protein

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36
Q

peri

A

around

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37
Q

dentine

A

dense, ivory-like substance located under the enamel in a tooth

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37
Q

dentist

A

a qualified practioner in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex

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38
Q

enamel

A

hard substance covering a tooth

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38
Q

mouth

A

external opening of a cavity or canal

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38
Q

nasopharynx

A

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

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38
Q

oral

A

pertaining to the mouth

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39
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

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39
Q

papilla

A

any small projection

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40
Q

parotid

A

the parotid gland is the salivary gland behind the ear

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41
Q

pulp

A

dental pulp is the connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth

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41
Q

saliva

A

secretion in mouth from salivary glands

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42
Q

salivary

A

pertaining to saliva

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42
Q

sublinguinal

A

underneath the tongue

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42
Q

submandibular

A

underneath the mandible

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43
Q

tongue

A

mobile muscle mass in the mouth; bears the taste buds

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43
Q

uvula

A

fleshy projection of the soft palate

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43
Q

-ine

A

pertaining to, substance

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43
Q

-id

A

having a particular quality

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44
Q

dent

A

tooth

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44
Q

nas

A

nose

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45
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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46
Q

or

A

mouth

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46
Q

ot

A

ear

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46
Q

saliv

A

saliva

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46
Q

lingu

A

tongue

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46
Q

mandibul

A

mandible

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46
Q

par

A

beside

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47
Q

sub

A

underneath

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47
Q

apathous

A

painful small oral ulcers (canker sores)

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47
Q

canker

A

nonmedical term for aphthous ulcer

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47
Q

caries

A

bacterial destruction of teeth

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47
Q

gingiva

A

tissue surrounding the teeth and covering the jaw

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47
Q

gingival

A

pertaining to the gums

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47
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

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47
Q

gingivectomy

A

surgical removal of diseased gum tissue

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47
Q

glossodynia

A

painful, burning tongue

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47
Q

halitosis

A

bad odor of the breath

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47
Q

periodontal

A

around a tooth

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47
Q

periodontics

A

branch of dentistry specializing in disorders of tissues around the teeth

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47
Q

periodontist

A

specialist in periodontists

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47
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation of tissues around a tooth

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47
Q

plaque

A

patch of abnormal tissue

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47
Q

pyorrhea

A

purulent discharge

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47
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth

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47
Q

tartar

A

calcified deposit at the gingival margin of the teeth

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47
Q

thrush

A

infection with candida albicans

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48
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical excision

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48
Q

-dynia

A

pain

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48
Q

-osis

A

condition

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48
Q

-ics

A

knowledge

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48
Q

gingiv

A

gum

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48
Q

gloss

A

tongue

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48
Q

halit

A

breath

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48
Q

odont

A

tooth

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48
Q

rrhea

A

flow

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48
Q

py

A

pus

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48
Q

stomat

A

oral cavity, mouth

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48
Q

asymptomatic

A

without any symptoms or abnormalities experienced by the patient

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48
Q

symptomatic

A

pertaining to the symptoms of a disease

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48
Q

dysphaiga

A

difficulty in swallowing

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48
Q

emesis

A

vomit

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49
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of red blood

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50
Q

esophagus

A

tube linking pharynx to stomach

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51
Q

esophageal

A

pertaining to the esophagus

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51
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the esophagus

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52
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it

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53
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

repair of a hernia

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53
Q

hiatus

A

an opening through a structure

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54
Q

hiatal

A

pertaining to a hiatus

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54
Q

relfux

A

backwards flow

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55
Q

sphincter

A

a band of muscles that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes close

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55
Q

varux

A

dilated, tortuous vein

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55
Q

varicose

A

characterized by or affected with varices

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56
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

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56
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

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56
Q

-ose

A

full of

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56
Q

symptomat

A

symptom

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57
Q

hemat

A

blood

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58
Q

phagia

A

swallowing

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58
Q

emesis

A

to vomit

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58
Q

esophag

A

esophagus

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58
Q

herni

A

hernia

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59
Q

hiat

A

opening

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59
Q

varic

A

varicosity; dilated, tortuous vein

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60
Q

a-

A

without

60
Q

dys-

A

difficulty

60
Q

re-

A

back

61
Q

chyme

A

semifluid, partially digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum

61
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine; approximately twelve fingerbreadths (9 to 10 inches) in length

62
Q

duodenal

A

pertaining to the duodenum

62
Q

gastrin

A

hormone secreted in the stomach the stimulates secretion of HCI and increases gastric motility

62
Q

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

A

the acid of gastric juice

62
Q

intrinsic factor

A

makes the absorption of vitamin b12 happen

62
Q

mucus

A

sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes

62
Q

mucous

A

relating to mucus or the mucosa

62
Q

mucin

A

protein element of mucus

62
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down protein

62
Q

pepsinogen

A

converted by HCI in the stomach to pepsin

62
Q

pylorus

A

exit area of the stomach

62
Q

pyloric

A

pertaining to the pylorus

63
Q

-um

A

structure

63
Q

-in

A

substance, chemical compound

63
Q

-gen

A

produced

63
Q

-us

A

pertaining to

63
Q

duoden

A

twelve

64
Q

hydr

A

water

64
Q

chlor

A

green

64
Q

intrins

A

on the inside

65
Q

factor

A

maker

66
Q

pepsin

A

pepsin

67
Q

pylor

A

gate, pylorus

68
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients and water by cells in the GI tract

69
Q

anorexia

A

without an appetite; or an aversion to food

70
Q

cecum

A

blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine

71
Q

cecal

A

pertaining to the cecum

72
Q

dyspepsia

A

“upset stomach,” epigastric pain, nausea, and gas

73
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

74
Q

gastroesophageal

A

pertaining to the stomach and esophagus

74
Q

gastroscope

A

endoscope for examining the inside of the stomach

75
Q

gastroscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the stomach

75
Q

ileum

A

third portion of small intestine

75
Q

ileocecal

A

pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum

75
Q

indigestion

A

symptoms resulting from difficulty in digesting food

76
Q

jejunum

A

segment of small intestinebetween the duodenum and the ileum

76
Q

jejunal

A

pertaining to the jejunum

77
Q

peptic

A

relating to the stomach and duodenum

78
Q

perforation

A

a hole through the wall of a structure

79
Q

stricture

A

narrowing of a tube

80
Q

absorpt

A

to swallow

80
Q

orex

A

appetite

81
Q

cec

A

cecum

82
Q

peps

A

digestion

83
Q

esophag

A

esophagus

84
Q

ile

A

ileum

85
Q

jejun

A

jejunum

86
Q

pept

A

digestion

87
Q

perforat

A

bore through

88
Q

-ia

A

condition

89
Q

an-

A

without

90
Q

dys-

A

difficult, bad

91
Q

in-

A

in, not

92
Q

celiac

A

relating to the abdominal cavity

93
Q

celiac disease

A

disease caused by a sensitivity to gluten

94
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

95
Q

giardia

A

parasite that can affect the small intestine

96
Q

gluten

A

insoluble protein found in wheat, barley, and rye

97
Q

ileus

A

dynamic of mechanical obstruction of the small intestine

98
Q

intussusception

A

the slippage of one part of the bowel inside another, causing obstruction of

99
Q

celi

A

abdomen

99
Q

ease

A

normal function

100
Q

enter

A

intestine

101
Q

suscept

A

to take up

102
Q

-ac

A

pertaining to

103
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

104
Q

dis-

A

apart

105
Q

intus

A

within

106
Q

bile

A

fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum

107
Q

bile acids

A

steroids synthesized from cholesterol

108
Q

billary

A

pertaining to bile or the biliary tract

109
Q

bilirubin

A

bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin

110
Q

cirrhosis

A

extensive fibrotic liver disease

111
Q

glycogen

A

the body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

112
Q

hepatic

A

pertaining to the liver

113
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

114
Q

jaundice

A

yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including bilirubin

115
Q

liver

A

body’s largest organ, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen,

116
Q

pedal

A

pertaining to the foot

117
Q

provisional diagnosis

A

a temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing

118
Q

preliminary diagnosis

A

the determination of the cause of a disease

119
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the liver

120
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

121
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct

122
Q

cholelithiasis

A

condition of having bile stones

123
Q

cholelithotomy

A

surgical removal of a gallstone

124
Q

endocrine

A

a gland that produces an internal or hormonal substance and secretes it into the blood stream

125
Q

exocrine

A

a gland that secretes substances outwardly through excretory ducts

126
Q

gallstone

A

hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and bilirubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct

126
Q

gallbladder

A

receptacle on the inferior surface of the liver for storing bile

127
Q

glucagon

A

hormone that mobilizes glucose from body storage

128
Q

insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that suppresses blood glucose levels and transports glucose into cells

129
Q

pancreas

A

lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum

130
Q

pancreatic

A

pertaining to the pancreas

131
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

132
Q

bil

A

bile

133
Q

cirrh

A

yellow

134
Q

glyc

A

sugar, glycogen

134
Q

hepat

A

liver

135
Q

ped

A

foot

136
Q

provision

A

provide

137
Q

gnosis

A

knowledge of an abnormal condition

138
Q

-rubin

A

rust colored

138
Q

dia-

A

complete

139
Q

chol

A

bile

139
Q

cyst

A

bladder

140
Q

choledoch

A

common bile duct

141
Q

lith

A

stone

142
Q

crine

A

secrete

143
Q

gall

A

bitter

144
Q

gluc

A

sugar, glucose

144
Q

stone

A

pebble

145
Q

agon

A

to fight

146
Q

insul

A

island

147
Q

-iasis

A

condition

148
Q

-tomy

A

surgical incision

148
Q

pancreat

A

pancreas

149
Q

-in

A

chemical compound

150
Q

endo-

A

within

151
Q

celiac disease

A

disease caused by sensitivity to gluten

151
Q

exo-

A

outward, outside

152
Q

diarrhea

A

abnormally frequent and loose stools

153
Q

endoscopy

A

the use of an endoscope

154
Q

endoscope

A

instrument used to examine the interior of a tubular or hollow organ

155
Q

flatus

A

gas or air expelled through the anus

156
Q

flatulence

A

excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines

157
Q

glycogen

A

the body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

158
Q

malabsorption

A

inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients

159
Q

portal vein

A

the vein that carries blood from the intestines to the liver

160
Q

starch

A

complex carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together

161
Q

villus

A

thin, hairlike projection, particularly of a mucous membrane lining a cavity

162
Q

amino acid

A

the basic building block for protein

162
Q

chyle

A

a milky fluid that results from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine

163
Q

Crohn disease

A

narrowing and thickening

164
Q

dysentery

A

disease with diarrhea, bowel spasms, fever and dehydration

165
Q

emulsify

A

break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution

165
Q

emulsion

A

the system that contains small droplets suspended in a liquid

166
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

167
Q

lacteal

A

a lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine

168
Q

lactose

A

the disaccharide in cow’s milk

169
Q

lactase

A

enzyme that breaks down lactose to glucose

170
Q

lipase

A

enzyme that breaks down fat

170
Q

lipid

A

general term for all types of fatty compounds

171
Q

mineral

A

inorganic compound usually found in the earth’s crust

171
Q

anus

A

terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged

172
Q

anal

A

pertaining to the anus

173
Q

anorectal junction

A

the junction between the anus and rectum

174
Q

appendix

A

small blind projection from the pouch of the cecum

175
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

175
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

176
Q

colon

A

the large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum

177
Q

colic

A

spasmodic, crampy pains in the abdomen

177
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

178
Q

feces

A

undigested, waste material discharged from the bowel

178
Q

defecation

A

evacuation of feces from rectum and anus

179
Q

fecal

A

pertaining to feces

180
Q

flexure

A

a bend in structure

181
Q

ileum

A

third portion of the small intestine

182
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

band of muscle that encircles the junction of ileum and cecum

183
Q

rectum

A

terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal

183
Q

sigmoid

A

shaped like an S

184
Q

rectal

A

pertaining to the rectum

185
Q

bowel

A

another name for intestine

186
Q

diverticulum

A

a pouchlike opening or sac from a tubular structure

187
Q

diverticulosis

A

presence of a number of small pouches in the wall of the large intestine

187
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticula

188
Q

hemorrhoid

A

dilated rectal vein producing painful anal swelling

189
Q

fissure

A

deep furrow or cleft

189
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage

190
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

surgical removal of a hemorrhoid

190
Q

melena

A

the passage of black, tarry stools

191
Q

occult blood

A

blood that cannot be seen in the stool but is positive on a fecal occult blood test

191
Q

hemoccult test

A

trade name for a fecal occult blood test

192
Q

peritoneal

A

pertaining to the peritoneum

192
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

193
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

194
Q

polyp

A

mass of tissue that projects into the l00umen of the bowel

195
Q

polyposis

A

presence of several polyps

196
Q

polypectomy

A

excision or removal of a polyp

197
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the rectum

197
Q

proctologist

A

a surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum

198
Q

angiography

A

process of recording the image of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

198
Q

anoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the anus

199
Q

aspiration

A

removal by suction of fluid or gas from a body cavity

200
Q

colonoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the colon

200
Q

cholangiography

A

x-ray of the bile ducts after injection of a contrast medium

200
Q

digital

A

pertaining to a finger or toe

201
Q

enema

A

an injection of fluid into the rectum

202
Q

enteroscopy

A

the examination of the lining of the digestive tract

203
Q

gastroscope

A

instrument to view the inside of the stomach

204
Q

gastroscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the stomach

205
Q

ileoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the ileum

206
Q

lavage

A

washing out of a hollow cavity

207
Q

panendoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

208
Q

proctoscopy

A

examination of the inside of the anus and the rectum by proctoscope or rectoscope

209
Q

resection

A

removal of a specific part of an organ or structure

210
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon

211
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

212
Q

anastomosis

A

a surgically made union between two tubular structures

213
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

214
Q

cholrlithotomy

A

surgical incision to remove a gallstone

215
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it

215
Q

inguinal

A

pertaining to the groin

215
Q

hiatal

A

pertaining to an opening through a structure

216
Q

colostomy

A

artificial opening from the colon to the outside of the body

216
Q

ostomy

A

surgery to create an artificial opening into tubular structure

217
Q

ileostomy

A

artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body

218
Q

pancreatography

A

process of recording the structure of the pancreas

218
Q

retrograde

A

reversal of a normal flow

219
Q

stoma

A

artificial opening

220
Q

ultrasound

A

very high frequency sound waves

221
Q

antidiarrheal

A

drug that prevents abnormally frequent and loose stools

222
Q

antiemetic

A

agent that prevents vomiting

223
Q

antihistamine

A

drug that can be used to treat allergic symptoms or preventing vomiting

224
Q

cachexia

A

a general weight loss and wasting of the body

225
Q

cannabinoid

A

a group of chemical compounds, some of which increase appetite and others treat nausea and vomiting

226
Q

laxative

A

an oral agent that promotes the expulsion of feces

227
Q

motility

A

the ability for spontaneous movement

228
Q

proton pump inhibitor

A

agent that blocks production of gastric acid

229
Q

stool

A

the matter discharged in one movement of the bowels

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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