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biology 102 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens

A

cause disease. comes from outside the body. account for a large fraction of all human disease and suffering

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2
Q

immune system

A

complex group of cells, proteins, and structures of the lymphatic and circulatory systems. specific defense

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3
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. not all bacteria is bad. uses atp as energy.

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

treats bacterial infections. chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit or abolish the growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

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5
Q

viruses

A

extremely small infectious agents, perhaps on hundredth the size of a bacterium and one thousandth the size of a typical human cell. consists of a single strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein and use this to force the human cell to make more viruses.

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6
Q

prions

A

are responsible for both BSE and vCJD. misfolded form of a normal brain cell protein

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7
Q

bubonic plague

A

bacterial infection, killed an estimated 25-40% of the European population

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  1. helps maintain the volume of blood in the cardiovascular system
  2. transports fats and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system to the cardiovascular system
  3. defends the body against infection
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9
Q

lymph nodes

A

remove microorganisms, cellular debris, and abnormal cells from the lymph before returning it to the cardiovascular system. cleanses lymph

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10
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ. is soft, fist-sized mass located in the upper-left abdominal cavity. controls the quality of circulating red blood cells by removing the old and damaged ones and helps fight infections. cleanse blood

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11
Q

red pulp

A

contains macrophages that scavenge and break down microorganisms as well as old and damaged red blood cells, and platelets

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12
Q

white pulp

A

contains primarily lymphocytes

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13
Q

thymus gland

A

located in the lower neck, behind the sternum and just above the heart. secretes two hormones, thymosin and thymopoietin

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14
Q

tonsils

A

protect the throat

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15
Q

skins 4 key attributes

A
  1. structure
  2. fact that it is constantly being replaced
  3. acidic pH
  4. the production of an antibiotic by sweat glands
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16
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that kills many bacteria

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

white blood cells that destroy foreign cells through this process

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18
Q

neutrophils

A

1st white blood cells to respond to infection. digest and destroy bacteria and some fungi in the blood and tissue fluids

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19
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and digest large numbers of foreign cells, especially viruses and bacterial parasites

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20
Q

eosinophils

A

cluster around large parasites such as flukes and pinworms and bombard them with digestive enzymes

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21
Q

inflammation

A

has 4 outward signs: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain

22
Q

mast cells

A

connective tissue cells specialized to release histamine

23
Q

histamine

A

promotes vasodilation of neighboring small blood vessels

24
Q

basophils

A

secrete histamine

25
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

group of white blood cells that destroy tumor cells and cells infected by viruses

26
Q

complement system

A

comprises at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood and complement, or assist, other defense mechanisms

27
Q

interferons

A

diffuse to nearby healthy cells, bind to their cell membranes, and stimulate the healthy ells to produce proteins that interfere with the synthesis of viral proteins, making it harder for the viruses to infect the protected cells

28
Q

fever

A

second line of defense, an abnormally high body temperature

29
Q

immune response

A

3 important characteristics

  1. reconizes and targets specific pathogens or foreign substances.
  2. ha a memory, the capability to store information from past exposures so that it can respond more quickly to later invasions by the same pathogen
  3. protects the entire body; the resulting immunity is not limited to the site of infection
30
Q

antigen

A

any substance that mobilizes the immune system and provokes an immune response. provides all the information the immune system needs to know about a foreign substance

31
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

A

“self markers” unique to your virtue of your unique set of genes. signal your immune system to bypass your own cells.

32
Q

B cells

A

mature in bone marrow. produce antibodies - proteins that bind with and neutralize specific antigens.

33
Q

T cells

A

mature in the thymus gland. don’t produce antibodies. directly attack foreign cells or release proteins.

34
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells are responsible for theses. works best against viruses, bacteria, and foreign molecules that are soluble in blood and lymph. produce antibodies

35
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells are responsible for theses. do not produce antibodies. protect us against parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, cancerous cells, and cells perceived as frozen.

36
Q

plasma cells

A

they begin to secrete their antibodies into the lymph fluid and ultimately into the blood plasma.

37
Q

memory cells

A

long-lived cells that remain inactive until that same antigen reappears in the body at some future date. stores information

38
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

pg 199. 5 classes of antibodies. Every antibody has a unique shape that fits one specific antigen

39
Q

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

engulf foreign particles, partially digest them, and display fragments of the antigens on their surfaces

40
Q

helper T cell

A

undergoes mitosis quickly producing a clone of identical helper T cells. Because all the cells in the clone carry the same receptors, they all recognize the antigen. produce cytokines. enhance immune responses by stimulating other immune cells

41
Q

cytokines

A

released by helper T cells stimulate othe immune cells such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells with CD8 receptors. a class of signaling molecules that stimulate various immune system activities

42
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

only T cells that directly attack and destroy other cells. roam throughout the body

43
Q

immunity

A

safe or free from

44
Q

immunization

A

help the body resist specific pathogens; the production of monoclonal antibodies and the discovery of antibiotics

45
Q

active immunization

A

activating the body’s immune system in advance. produces primary immune response and readies for a 2ndary immune response

46
Q

vaccines

A

produced from dead or weakened pathogens

47
Q

passive immunization

A

antibodies given in advance rom a human or animal donor with immunity to that illness.

48
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies produced in the laboratory from cloned descendants of a single hybrid B cell

49
Q

allergy

A

inappropriate response of the immune system to an allergen which is any substance that causes an allergic reaction. IgE group

50
Q

autoimmune disorders

A

immune system may produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that target its own cells

51
Q

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

A

most common and best-known server immune deficiency condition. symptoms occur together one catches it

biology 102 (12 decks)

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