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biology 102 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

pathogens

A

cause disease. comes from outside the body. account for a large fraction of all human disease and suffering

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2
Q

immune system

A

complex group of cells, proteins, and structures of the lymphatic and circulatory systems. specific defense

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3
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. not all bacteria is bad. uses atp as energy.

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

treats bacterial infections. chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit or abolish the growth of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa

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5
Q

viruses

A

extremely small infectious agents, perhaps on hundredth the size of a bacterium and one thousandth the size of a typical human cell. consists of a single strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by protein and use this to force the human cell to make more viruses.

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6
Q

prions

A

are responsible for both BSE and vCJD. misfolded form of a normal brain cell protein

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7
Q

bubonic plague

A

bacterial infection, killed an estimated 25-40% of the European population

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  1. helps maintain the volume of blood in the cardiovascular system
  2. transports fats and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system to the cardiovascular system
  3. defends the body against infection
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9
Q

lymph nodes

A

remove microorganisms, cellular debris, and abnormal cells from the lymph before returning it to the cardiovascular system. cleanses lymph

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10
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ. is soft, fist-sized mass located in the upper-left abdominal cavity. controls the quality of circulating red blood cells by removing the old and damaged ones and helps fight infections. cleanse blood

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11
Q

red pulp

A

contains macrophages that scavenge and break down microorganisms as well as old and damaged red blood cells, and platelets

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12
Q

white pulp

A

contains primarily lymphocytes

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13
Q

thymus gland

A

located in the lower neck, behind the sternum and just above the heart. secretes two hormones, thymosin and thymopoietin

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14
Q

tonsils

A

protect the throat

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15
Q

skins 4 key attributes

A
  1. structure
  2. fact that it is constantly being replaced
  3. acidic pH
  4. the production of an antibiotic by sweat glands
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16
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme that kills many bacteria

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

white blood cells that destroy foreign cells through this process

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18
Q

neutrophils

A

1st white blood cells to respond to infection. digest and destroy bacteria and some fungi in the blood and tissue fluids

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19
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and digest large numbers of foreign cells, especially viruses and bacterial parasites

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20
Q

eosinophils

A

cluster around large parasites such as flukes and pinworms and bombard them with digestive enzymes

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21
Q

inflammation

A

has 4 outward signs: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain

22
Q

mast cells

A

connective tissue cells specialized to release histamine

23
Q

histamine

A

promotes vasodilation of neighboring small blood vessels

24
Q

basophils

A

secrete histamine

25
natural killer (NK) cells
group of white blood cells that destroy tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
26
complement system
comprises at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood and complement, or assist, other defense mechanisms
27
interferons
diffuse to nearby healthy cells, bind to their cell membranes, and stimulate the healthy ells to produce proteins that interfere with the synthesis of viral proteins, making it harder for the viruses to infect the protected cells
28
fever
second line of defense, an abnormally high body temperature
29
immune response
3 important characteristics 1. reconizes and targets specific pathogens or foreign substances. 2. ha a memory, the capability to store information from past exposures so that it can respond more quickly to later invasions by the same pathogen 3. protects the entire body; the resulting immunity is not limited to the site of infection
30
antigen
any substance that mobilizes the immune system and provokes an immune response. provides all the information the immune system needs to know about a foreign substance
31
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
"self markers" unique to your virtue of your unique set of genes. signal your immune system to bypass your own cells.
32
B cells
mature in bone marrow. produce antibodies - proteins that bind with and neutralize specific antigens.
33
T cells
mature in the thymus gland. don't produce antibodies. directly attack foreign cells or release proteins.
34
antibody-mediated immunity
B cells are responsible for theses. works best against viruses, bacteria, and foreign molecules that are soluble in blood and lymph. produce antibodies
35
cell-mediated immunity
T cells are responsible for theses. do not produce antibodies. protect us against parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi, cancerous cells, and cells perceived as frozen.
36
plasma cells
they begin to secrete their antibodies into the lymph fluid and ultimately into the blood plasma.
37
memory cells
long-lived cells that remain inactive until that same antigen reappears in the body at some future date. stores information
38
immunoglobulin (Ig)
pg 199. 5 classes of antibodies. Every antibody has a unique shape that fits one specific antigen
39
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
engulf foreign particles, partially digest them, and display fragments of the antigens on their surfaces
40
helper T cell
undergoes mitosis quickly producing a clone of identical helper T cells. Because all the cells in the clone carry the same receptors, they all recognize the antigen. produce cytokines. enhance immune responses by stimulating other immune cells
41
cytokines
released by helper T cells stimulate othe immune cells such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells with CD8 receptors. a class of signaling molecules that stimulate various immune system activities
42
cytotoxic T cells
only T cells that directly attack and destroy other cells. roam throughout the body
43
immunity
safe or free from
44
immunization
help the body resist specific pathogens; the production of monoclonal antibodies and the discovery of antibiotics
45
active immunization
activating the body's immune system in advance. produces primary immune response and readies for a 2ndary immune response
46
vaccines
produced from dead or weakened pathogens
47
passive immunization
antibodies given in advance rom a human or animal donor with immunity to that illness.
48
monoclonal antibodies
antibodies produced in the laboratory from cloned descendants of a single hybrid B cell
49
allergy
inappropriate response of the immune system to an allergen which is any substance that causes an allergic reaction. IgE group
50
autoimmune disorders
immune system may produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that target its own cells
51
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
most common and best-known server immune deficiency condition. symptoms occur together one catches it

biology 102 (12 decks)

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