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biology 102 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 characteristics of nervous system

A
  1. requires information, which it receives from our senses.
  2. integrates information. process of taking different pieces of information from many different sources and assembling the pieces into a whol that makes sense.
  3. is very fast. receive information, integrate it, and produce a response within tenths of a second.
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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord. receives, processes, stores, and transfers information

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

includes the components of the nervous system that lie outside the CNS. has 2 functional subdivisions: the sensory division of the PNS carries information to the brain and spinal cord, and motor division carries information from the CNS.

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4
Q

somatic division

A

controls skeletal muscles

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5
Q

automatic division

A

controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

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6
Q

Neurons

A

cells specialized for communication. generate and conduct electrical impulses also called action potentials, from one part of the body to another.

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7
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  1. sensory neurons - of the PNS are specialized to respond to a certain type of stimulus, such as pressure or light. provide input to the CNS.
  2. Interneurons - within the CNS transmit impulses between components of the CNS. receive input from sensory neurons, integrate this information and influence the functioning of other neurons.
  3. Motor neurons - of the PNS transmit impulses away from the CNS. they carry the nervous system’s output, still in the form of electrical impulses, to all of the tissues and organs of the body
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8
Q

cell body

A

main body of a neuron. nucleus with its content of DNA is located in the cell body as are the mitochondria and other cell organelles

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9
Q

dendrites

A

slender extensions of the cell body that receive information from receptors or incoming impulses from other neurons

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10
Q

axon

A

is a long, slender tube of cell membrane containing a small amount of cytoplasm. speciliazed to conduct electrical impulses

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11
Q

resting (membrane) potential

A

the inside of the neuron is negatively charge compared to the outside. resting point of bout -70 millivolts

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12
Q

graded potentials

A

are the transient local changes in resting potential. they can vary in size. occur only at a single region on the membrane, fading away at increasing distances from that region like the ripples made by a raindrop on water

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13
Q

summation

A

key feature of graded potentials is that they can add up in space and time, meaning that many incoming signals from other neurons produce a bigger change in membrane potential than does one impulse alone

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14
Q

threshold

A

the sum of all graded potentials is sufficiently strong to reach a certain triggering membrane voltage, action potential results.

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15
Q

action potential

A

sudden, temporary reversal of the voltage difference across the cell membrane

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16
Q

action potential occurs as a sequence of 3 events

A
  1. depolarization: sodium moves into the axon
  2. repolarization: potassium moves out of the axon
  3. reestablishment of the resting potential
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17
Q

absolute refractory period

A

an action potential is underway, an axon can’t generate another action potential

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18
Q

relative refractory period

A

it is harder than usual to generate the next action potential

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19
Q

neuroglial cells

A

provide physical support and protection to neurons and help maintain healthy concentrations of important chemicals in the fluid surrounding them

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

individual Schwann cells wrap themselves around a short segment of an axon many times as a sort of insulating blanket, creating a shiny white protective layer around the axon

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21
Q

myelinated neurons

A

neurons that have axons wrapped in a sheath of myelin

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22
Q

myelin sheath serves 3 functions

A
  1. saves the neuron energy
  2. speeds up the transmission of impulses
  3. helps damaged or severed axons of the peripheral nervous systems regenerate
23
Q

salutatory conduction

A

jump from node to node at a very fast rate. this leaping pattern of conduction along myelinated neurons

24
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

In CNS protective sheaths of myelin are produced by another type of neuroglial cell

25
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

the sheaths of myelinated neurons in the brain and spinal cord become progressively damaged until they form hardened (sclerotic) scar tissue

26
Q

synapse

A

the action potential causes the release of a chemical that crosses a specialized junction between the two cells

27
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance transmits a signall from a neuron to its target

28
Q

nerve

A

consists of the axons of many neurons, all wrapped together in a protective sheath of connective tissue and all coming from and going to the same place

29
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs connect directly with the brain. carry action potentials between the brain and the muscles, glands, and receptors of the head, neck, and thoracic and abdominal cavities

30
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs connect with the spinal cord. attaches to the spinal cord via two short branches of the spinal cord called the dorsal root and the ventral root

31
Q

somatic division

A

controls voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement. somatic motor neurons transmit information from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles

32
Q

spinal reflexes

A

involuntary responses that are mediated primarly by the spinal cord and spinal nerves, with little or no involvement of the brain

33
Q

autonomic division

A

PNS carries signals from the CNS to the periphery that control “automatic” functions of the body’s internal organs

34
Q

sympathetic division

A

originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. works atagonistically to maintain homeostasis. fight or flight; arouses body to deal with situations involving physical activity, mental alertness. one neruon

35
Q

parasympathetic division

A

originate either in the brain, becoming part of the outflow of certain cranial nerves, or from the sacral region of the spinal cord. relaxes body; promotes digestion and other basic functions. has 2 neruons

36
Q

meninges

A

CNS is enclosed by 3 membranes of connective tissue, named (from outermost to innermost layers) the dura mater, te arachnoid, and the pia mater. these 3 meninges protect the neurons of the cNS and blood vessels that service them

37
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

the CNS is bathed in its own special liquid of this. which fills the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater. tends to isolate the CNS from infections

38
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

functional barrier between blood and brain

39
Q

spinal cord

A

serves as superhighway for action potentials traveling between the brain and the rest of the body

40
Q

brain

A

command center of the body. receives information in the form of action potentials from various nerves and the spinal cord, integrates it, and generates the appropriate response

41
Q

3 major anatomical and functional divisions of the brain

A
  1. hindbrain coordinates basic, automatic, and vital tasks
  2. midbrain helps coordinate muscle groups and responses to sights and sounds
  3. forebrain receives and integrates sensory input from the external environment and determines most of our more complex behavior
42
Q

hindbrain

A

connected to the spinal cord.oldest brain division and contains medulla oblongata, cerebellum and pons

43
Q

cerebellum

A

located just behind the medulla oblongata. coordinates basic body movements that are below the level of conscious control

44
Q

pons

A

connects higher brain centers and the spinal cord

45
Q

midbrain

A

relate to vision and hearing. visual and auditory sensory inputs pass through the midbrain before being relayed to higher brain centers

46
Q

forebrain

A

determines our most complex behavior, including emotions and conscious thought. includes hypothalamus and thalamus, limbic system, and cerebum

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

small region at the base of the forebrain that coordinates some automatic functions of the pituitary gland

48
Q

thalamus

A

larger, located just above the hypothalamus, primarly a receiving, processing, and transfer center

49
Q

cerebrum

A

the most highly developed of all brain regions. deals with many of the functions that we associate with being human: language, decision making, and conscious thought

50
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum. primarily grey matter, consisting of CNS neurons with unmyelinated axons and their associated neuroglial cells. divided into 4 lobes.

51
Q

limbic system

A

emotions and basic patterns of behavior originate here. hypothalamus serves as a gateway to and from the limbic system

52
Q

memory

A

involves storing information and retrieving it later as needed. 2 stages: short-term and long-term memory

53
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls automatic functions. regulates heart rate and blood pressure

biology 102 (12 decks)

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