Chapter 13

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

collection of specialized cells, tissues, and glands that produce and secrete circulating chemical messenger molecules called hormones

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

ductless organs that secrete their products into interstitial fluid, lymph, and blood. secrete hormones

Question 3

exocrine glands

Answer 3

secrete products such as mucus, sweat, tears, and digestive fluids into ducts that empty into the approprate sites.

Question 4

hormones

Answer 4

bloodborne units of information, just as nerve impulses are units of information carried in nerves. some participate in feedback control loops regulating various body functions

Question 5

How endocrine system communicates

Answer 5

1. Hormones of the endocrine system reach nearly every living cell. this gives it advantage over nervous system cause it is in the blood and every cell has it
2. Each hormone acts only on certain cells.
3. Endocrine control tends to be slower than nervous system control
4. The endocrine and nervous systems can (and often do) interact with each other.

Question 6

target cells

Answer 6

hormone acts only on a certain group of cells called target cells because only the hormone’s target cells have the appropriate receptor to fit it

Question 7

Steroid hormones

Answer 7

are structurally related to cholesterol and all are lipid soluble. enter the cell, bind to an intracellular receptor, and activate genes that produce new proteins

Question 8

Nonsteroid hormones

Answer 8

structurally related to proteins, are lipid insoluble. bind to receptors on the cell’s surface, initiating a series of events that ultimately alters cellular activity in some way, even though the hormone never entered the cell at all

Question 9

second messanger

Answer 9

carries the message provided by the hormone (the “first messenger”) without the hormone ever entering the cell. common 2nd messagner is cyclic AMP

Question 10

hypothalamus

Answer 10

small region in the brain that serves as a homeostatic control center. produces 2 hormones of its own and it monitors and controls the hormone secretions of the pituitary gland, located directly beneath it and connected to it by a thin stalk of tissue

Question 11

pituitary gland

Answer 11

called “master gland” because it secretes 8 different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands. consists of 2 lobes: posterior lobe and larger more distinct anterior lobe

Question 12

neuroendocrine cells

Answer 12

function as both nerve cells and endocrine cells, because they can generate nerve impulses and secrete hormones into blood vessels

Question 13

antidiuetic hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

or oxytocin made in the hypothalamus and then transport the hormones down the axon for storage in axon endings in the posterior pituitary. regulates water balance. kidneys

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

Uterus and mammary glands. induces uterine contractions and ejection of milk from mammary glands.

Question 15

anterior pituitary produces 6 key hormones

Answer 15

1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - adrenal cortex, stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulates synthesis and secretion of throid hormones
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates egg maturation and formation of sperm
4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates ovulation and testosterone secretion
5. Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates the development of mammary gland cells and prodcution of milk.
6. Growth hormone (GH) - stimulate4s growth in young individuals; plays multiple roles in cell division, protein synthesis, and metabolism n adults

Question 16

pancreas

Answer 16

is both endocrine (secreting hormones into the blood) and exocrine gland (secreting enzymes, fluids and ions into the digestive tract to aid in digestion).

Question 17

3 types of cells and 3 hormones produced (pancreas)

Answer 17

1. alpha cells secrete glucagon, which raises blood sugar. Glucagon breaks down glycogen in liver.
2. betta cells secrete insulin, which lowers blood sugar.
3. delta cells secrete somatostatin. also secreted by hypothalmus

Question 18

adrenal glands

Answer 18

2 small endocrine organs located just above the kidneys. each gland has an outer layer called adrenal cortex and an inner core calle adrenal medulla

Question 19

Cortisol

Answer 19

accounts for approximately 95% of glucocorticoids. it assists in maintaing blood glucose levels by promoting the utilization of fats and by increasing the breakdown of proein to amino acids in muscle.

Question 20

aldosterone

Answer 20

Mineralocorticoids. is the hormone primarily responsible for regulating the amounts of sodium and potassium in the body. it increases when sodium and water are too low. potassium is too much

Question 21

adrenal medulla

Answer 21

produces the nonsteriod hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). play roles in metabolism and controling blood pressure and heart activity

Question 22

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 22

contribute to the fight-orflight response intiated by the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 23

thyroid gland

Answer 23

situated just below the larynx at the front of the trachea and the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland wrap part of the way around the trachea. control metabolism. produce throxine and calcitonin

Question 24

parathyroid glands

Answer 24

are embedded in the back of the thyroid. both control calcium balance. produce parathryoid hormone

Question 25

thyroxine (T4)

Answer 25

contains 4 molecules of iodine. not steriod hormone structurally but acts like one because its lipid soluble. increases production and use of ATP

Question 26

Calcitonin

Answer 26

promotes bone growth.

Question 27

parathyroid hormone 3 functions

Answer 27

1. removes calcium and phosphate from bone
2. increases absorption of calcium by the digestive tract
3. causes the kidneys to retain calcium and excrete phosphate

Question 28

thymus gland

Answer 28

located between the lungs, behind the breastbone and near the heart. secretes several peptide hormones that assist in the development of lymphocytes into mature T cells.

Question 29

pineal gland

Answer 29

located deep within the brain, in the roof of the third ventricle. brain’s “third eye”

Question 30

melatonin

Answer 30

secreted by pineal gland, “hormone of darkness”

Question 31

3 organs and what they secrete

Answer 31

1. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is a non steriod hormone secreted by the atria of the heart that helps regulate blood pressure
2. gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin are allhormones secreted by the digestive system.
3. erythropoietin and renin are secreted by the kidneys

Question 32

Histamine

Answer 32

important in inflammation. increases secretion of mucus, dilates blood vessels, increases leakiness of capillaries

Question 33

prostaglandins

Answer 33

control local blood flow; constrict blood vessels, dilate blood vessels, contribute to inflammatory response and blood clotting

Question 34

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 34

inadequate control of blood sugar. type 1 - caused by the failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin. type 2 - represents 90-95% of all cases. its hallmark is insulin resistance. cells fail to respond adequately to insulin even when it is present

Question 35

hypothyroidism

Answer 35

underactive thryoid gland

Question 36

hyperthyroidism

Answer 36

overactive thryoid gland

Question 37

addison’s disease

Answer 37

too little cortisol and aldosterone

Question 38

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 38

too much cortisol