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biology 102 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

stimulus

A

sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body. a form of physical energy such as heat, pressure or sound waves but can also be chemical.

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2
Q

receptor

A

a structure specialized to receive certain stimuli. accepts the stimulus and converts its energy into another form

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3
Q

sensation

A

we become consciously aware of the stimulus

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4
Q

perception

A

understanding what the sensation means

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5
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to forms of mechanical energy, such as waves of sound, changes in fluid pressure, physical touch or pressure, stretching or forces generated by gravity and acceleration

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6
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to heat or cold

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7
Q

Pain receptors

A

respond to tissue damage or excessive pressure or temperature

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to the presence of chemicals in the nearby area

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9
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to light

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10
Q

receptor adaptation

A

sensory neuron stops sending impulses even though the original stimulus is still present

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11
Q

somatic sensations

A

originate from receptors present at more than one location in the body . include temp, touch, vibration, pressure, pain and awareness of body movements and position

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12
Q

5 special senses

A

taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision. originate from receptors that are restricted to particular areas of the body, such as the ears and eyes.

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13
Q

Unencapsulated dendritic endings

A

naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons around hairs and near the skin surface signal pain, light pressure, and changes in temp.

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14
Q

Merkel disks

A

Detect light touch and pressure. are modified unencapsulated dendritic endings

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15
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

several kinds of dendritic endings are encapsulated (enclosed) in epithelial or connective tissue. theses are best known. encapsulated receptors located in the dermis that respond to either deep pressure or high-frequency vibration

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16
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

encapsulated touch receptors located closer to the skin surface than Pacinian corpuscles. detect the beginning and the end of light pressure and touch

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17
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Encapsulated receptors that respond continually to ongoing pressure

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18
Q

muscle spindles

A

best known of these mechanoreceptors are the specialized structures for monitoring muscle length

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19
Q

referred pain

A

happens because action potentials from internal pain receptors are transmitted to the brain by the same spinal neurons that transmit action potentials from pain receptors in the skin and skeletal muscles

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20
Q

taste buds

A

about 10,000 are located at the surface of many of these folds. cluster of about 25 taste cells and 25 supporting cells that separate the taste cells from each other

21
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

odors are detected. located in the upper part of the nasal passages

22
Q

outer ear

A

consists of the pinna, or visible portion of te ear, and auditory canal. receives and channels sound

23
Q

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

serves as a partition between the outer and middle ears

24
Q

middle ear

A

consists of an air-filled chamber within the temporal bone of the skull, bridged by 3 small bones called the malleus (hammer, incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). amplifies sound

25
Q

oval window

A

stapes touches this smaller membrane, causing it to vibrate

26
Q

auditory tube

A

a narrow tube that runs from the middle ear chamber to the throat. usually enclosed but opens briefly when you yawn or swallow to equalize air pressure.

27
Q

inner ear

A

sorts sounds by tone and converts them into impulses. senses rotation movements and converts them into impulses. senses static position and linear acceleration and deceleration; converts them into impulses

28
Q

cochlea

A

sound is converted. shaped a bit like a snail.

29
Q

basilar membrane

A

supports population of about 15,000 hair cells, mechanoreceptor cells of the ear

30
Q

tectorial membrane

A

composed of a firm, gelatinous, noncellular material, convert air waves to impulses.

31
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

a system of fluid-filled canals and chambers. consists of 3 semicircular canals for sensing rotational movement of the head and body and an area called vestibule

32
Q

utricle and saccule

A

2 fluid filled chambers of the vestibule. respond to linear acceleration and deceleration as well as static position.

33
Q

otoliths

A

are embedded in the gel near the gel’s surface, unattached to the bone wall of the vestibule

34
Q

cornea

A

light passes through the cornea and space filled with fluid called aqueous humor that nourishes and cushions the cornea and lens

35
Q

iris

A

colored, disk-shaped muscle that determines how much light enters the eye, or passes through the pupil

36
Q

pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the iris

37
Q

lens

A

a transparent, flexible structure attached by connective tissue fibes to a ring of circularly arranged smooth muscle called the ciliary muscle

38
Q

retina

A

absorbs light and converts it into impulses

39
Q

optic nerve

A

transmits impulses to the brain

40
Q

fovea

A

contains greatest concentration of photoreceptors

41
Q

optic disk

A

blind spot where optic nerve exits eye

42
Q

accommodation

A

refers to the adjustment of lens curvature so we can focus on either near or far objects

43
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness

44
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

45
Q

astigmatism

A

is due to an abnormal curvature of either the cornea or the lens

46
Q

4 layers of retina

A
  1. outermost layer consists of pigmented celss that along with the choroid absob light not captured by the phtotoreceptor cells
  2. layer of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones because of their shape
  3. rods and cones synapse with the 3rd layer, layer of neurons called bipolar cells
  4. innermost layer consists of ganglion cells. are also neurons. their long axons become the optic nerve going to the brain
47
Q

rhodopsin

A

rods all have the same photopigment called this

48
Q

nerve deafness

A

sounds cannot be converted into impulses in sensory nerves

49
Q

conduction deafness

A

sound waves simply are not transferred to the inner ear at all. is frequently due to arthritis of the middle ear bones

biology 102 (12 decks)

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