Chapter 5

Question 1

Bones

Answer 1

The hard elements of the skeleton

Question 2

5 functions bones perform

Answer 2

1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Formation of blood cells 5. Mineral storage

Question 3

Compact Bone

Answer 3

Forms the shaft and covers each end. yellow bone marrow - is primarily fat that can be utilized for energy. Diaphysis

Question 4

Spongy bone

Answer 4

less dense than compact bone, allowing the bones to be light but strong. Epiphysis

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

contains specialized bone-forming

Question 6

Ligaments

Answer 6

attach bone to bone. dense fibrous connective tissue that binds the bones to each other

Question 7

Cartilage

Answer 7

a specialized connective tissue consisting primarily of fibers of collagen and elastic in a gel-like fluid called ground substance. smoother and more flexible than bone.

Question 8

3 types of cartilege

Answer 8

1. fibrocartilage- consists primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles. 2. hyaline cartilage - is smooth almost glassy cartilage of thin collagen fibers. 3. Elastic cartilage - to the outer ear and to the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that covers the larynx.

Question 9

chondroblasts

Answer 9

Earliest stages of fetal development, even before organs develop, the rudimentary models of future bones are created out of hyaline cartilage by cartilage-forming celss

Question 10

osteooblasts

Answer 10

Young bone-forming cells that caus the hard extracellular matrix of bone to develop

Question 11

osteocytes

Answer 11

Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone

Question 12

osteoclasts

Answer 12

Bone-dissolving cells

Question 13

Osteoporosis

Answer 13

common condition in which bones lose a great deal of mass (seemingly becoming porous) because of an imbalance over many years in the rates of activities of these two types of bone cells.

Question 14

Skeleton

Answer 14

1. serves as structural framework for support of the soft organs. 2. protects certain organs from physical injury. 3. permits flexible movements of most parts of the body.

Question 15

axial skeleton

Answer 15

consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Question 16

skull

Answer 16

comprises over two dozen bones that protect the brain and form the structure of the face.

Question 17

vertebral column

Answer 17

(backbone or spine) is the main axis of the body, supports the head, protects the spinal cord, and serves as the site of attachment for the 4 limbs and various muscles.

Question 18

5 anatomical regions of vertebral column

Answer 18

1. Cervical (neck) 2. Thoracic (the chest or thorax) 3. Lumbar (Lower portion or small of the back) 4. Sacral ( in the sacrum or upper pelvic region) 5. Coccygeal (the coccyx or tailbone)

Question 19

intervertebral disk

Answer 19

composed of soft gelatinous center and tough outer layer of fibrocartilage.

Question 20

appendicular skeleton

Answer 20

2nd divison includes the arms legs and their attachments to the trunk which are the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Question 21

pectoral girdle

Answer 21

supportive frame for the upper limbs, consists of the right and left clavicles (collarbones) and right and left scapulas (shoulder blades)

Question 22

humerus

Answer 22

long bone of the upper arm fits into a socket in the scapula. other end of the humerus meets with the ulna and radius, the 2 bones of the forearm at the elbow.

Question 23

coxal bones

Answer 23

pelvic girdle consists of the 2 coxal bones. attach to the sacral region of the vertebral column in the back, then curve forward to meet in front at the pubic symphysis where they are joined by cartilage.

Question 24

femur

Answer 24

longest and strongest bone in the body.

Question 25

Joints

Answer 25

also called articulations are the points of contact between bones.

Question 26

fibrous joints

Answer 26

are immovable

Question 27

cartilaginous joints

Answer 27

bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, are slightly movable allowing for some degree of flexibility

Question 28

synovial joints

Answer 28

most freely movable joints. bones are separated by a thin fluid-filled cavity.

Question 29

synovial membrane

Answer 29

secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and cushion the joint.

Question 30

tendons

Answer 30

type of tough connective tissue, which join the bones to muscles.

Question 31

sprains

Answer 31

stretched or torn ligaments

Question 32

bursitis and tendinits

Answer 32

inflammation of the bursae or tendons following injury

Question 33

arthritis

Answer 33

most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. wear and tear.