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biology 102 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

circulatory system

A

consists of the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood that circulates through them. provide all cells with what we need

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2
Q

blood

A

specialized connective tissue and cell fragments suspended in a watery solution of molecules and ions. 8% of our body

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3
Q

3 crucial tasks for the body

A
  1. Transportation - transport all substances needed anywhere by the body, including oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive system, and hormones from the endocrine glands.
  2. Regulation - regulates body tempt, the volume of water in the body and the pH of body fluids
  3. defense - specialized defense cells that help protect against infections and illness
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4
Q

Plasma

A

transport medium for blood cells and platelets. 55% of whole blood. mostly water

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5
Q

plasma proteins

A

largest group of solutes in plasma. serve a variety of functions. important plasma proteins include albumins, globulins and clotting proteins

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6
Q

albumins

A

serve to maintain the osmotic relationship between blood and the interstitial fluid and ensure proper water balance.

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7
Q

globulins

A

transport various substances in the blood

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8
Q

clotting proteins

A

minimizes blood loss and helps maintain homeostasis after injury

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9
Q

red blood cells (RBC) or erythrocytes

A

carriers of oxygen and carbon dioxide. give blood its color and are the major reason why it is viscous. have short life span

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

primary protein in red blood cells and gives blood its oxygen carrying capacity. 4 polypeptide chains folded together.

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of blood that consists of red blood cells. measure of the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

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12
Q

stem cells

A

all blood cells and platelets originate from cells in the red bone marrow. continually produce immature blood cells

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13
Q

macrophages

A

old and damaged RBCs are removed from the circulating blood and destroyed in the liver and spleen by large cells

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14
Q

phagocytosis

A

Macrophages surround, engulf, and digest the red blood cell

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15
Q

erythropoietin

A

Low oxygen availability signals the cells to secrete a hormone

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16
Q

blood doping

A

some athletes have a bused commercial erythropoietin by injecting it to increase their RBC production and thus their blood oxygen-carrying capacity

17
Q

white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes

A

larger than RBCs, more diverse in structure and function. have a nucleus but no hemoglobin. translucent, hard to identify. defend body against disease and injury. The activities of various leukocytes incude participating in the response to tissue injury, producing antibodies, engulfing entire foreign cells, and releasing enzymes to attack foreign organisms too large to be engulfed whole

18
Q

Neutrophils

A

60% of WBCs, surround and engulf foreign cells. especially target bacteria and some fungi.

19
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4% of WBCs. defend the body against large parasites such as worms. releasing chemicals that moderate severity of allergic reactions

20
Q

Basophils

A

rarest at 0.5% of WBCs, tissues are injured, basophils secrete histamine causing adjacent blood vessels to release blood plasma into the injured area.

21
Q

monocytes

A

largest of WBCs 5% of circulating wbc. filter out of the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues

22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

30% of circulating WBCs. found in bloodstream, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland.

23
Q

B lymphoctes

A

give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies. defend against foreign invaders

24
Q

T lymphocytes

A

target and destroy specific threats

25
Q

Platelets

A

small cell fragments and play role in blood clotting

26
Q

Hemostasis

A

stopping the flow or loss of blood, proceeds in 3 stages

  1. vascular spasms or intense contraction of blood vessels in the area
  2. formation of a platelet plug
  3. blood clotting or coagulation
27
Q

thrombin

A

facilitates the conversion of a soluble plasma protein. damage to blood vessels

28
Q

fibrin

A

wind around the platelet plug at the wound site, forming an interlocking net of fibers that traps and holds platelets, blood cells and various molecules against the opening.

29
Q

blood type

A

the success of blood transfusions depends on it

30
Q

antigen (against, to generate)

A

stimulates the immune system of a organism to defend the organism

31
Q

antibody (against, body)

A

immune system produces this opposing protein

32
Q

Rh factor

A

another surface antigen.

33
Q

Anemia

A

reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. causes

biology 102 (12 decks)

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