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BI157 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fermentation?

A

partial degradation of sugars and other organic fuel without oxygen

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2
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

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3
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Organic compound + H2O = CO2 +H2O + Energy

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4
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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5
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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6
Q

What is a reducing agent? (2)

A

electron donor

gets oxidized

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7
Q

What is an oxidizing agent? (2)

A

Electron acceptor

gets reduced

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8
Q

how does electronegativity and energy correlate?

A

The more electronegative an atom is, the more energy required to take an electron away from it

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9
Q

What is NAD+? (3)

A

a coenzyme that cycles between an oxidized state and a reduced state (NADH)

Receives 2 e- and 1 proton from glucose

stored energy in NADH is used to make ATP

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10
Q

What is dehydrogenases?

A

Enzyme that removes e- and protons from glucose and delivers to NAD+

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11
Q

What is the electron transport chain? (2)

A

number of molecules built into the membrane of mitochondria

e- in NADH is shuttled from the top (high energy) to the bottom (low energy) to form water

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12
Q

What is the electron route in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose > NADH> Electron transport chain> oxygen

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13
Q

What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

enters the mitochondria and is oxidized to a compound called acetyl CoA, entering the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

What happens to the energy released in the ETC?

A

it is stored in the mitochondria to make ATP

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15
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis using electron transport chain

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16
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? (2)

A

ATP formed directly during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

occurs when an enzyme transfers a P group from a substrate molecule to ADP

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17
Q

Steps in glycolysis (3)

A
  1. glucose is split from a six carbon sugar into 2 three carbon sugars

these sugars are oxidized

Remaining molecules rearrange to form pyruvate

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18
Q

What is the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

where the cell spends ATP

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19
Q

What is the energy payoff phase in ATP?

A

when ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation; NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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20
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate

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21
Q

How is pyruvate oxidized?

A

In the presence of O2 after glycolysis, pyruvate enters mitochondria through active transport

it is then converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme

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22
Q

What three reactions does the oxidation of pyruvate catalyze?

A
  1. Pyruvated carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2
  2. Remaining 2 C fragment is oxidized to form acetate
    - extracted e- is transferred to NAD+ to form NADH
  3. CoA, a sulfur-containing compound from vitamin B is attached via its sulfur atom to the acetate from acetyl CoA
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23
Q

What occurs in the citric acid cycle? (5)

A

oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate

pyruvate is broken down into 3 CO2 molecules

generates 1 ATP per turn

The majority of the energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD to form NADH and FADH2

takes two cycles to break down one glucose/ 2 Acetyl CoA molecules

24
Q

Product of citric acid cycle

A

Two cycles result in 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

25
Q

What does the ETC do, and what does it consist of? (3)

A

Make it easier for electrons to fall from food to oxygen

Consists mostly of proteins, named multiprotein comple 1-4

Each complex becomes reduced when accepting e- and oxidized when passing down

26
Q

What are prosthetic groups? (2)

A

Tightly bound between proteins in ETC

Act as nonprotein components essential for the catalytic function of certain enzyme

27
Q

What occurs in Complex 1? (3)

A

e- from NADH is transferred to the first molecule- flavoprotein

passed to iron-sulfur protein

passed to ubiquinone

28
Q

What is ubiquinone?

A

Hydrophobic molecule that is the only nonprotein

29
Q

what are cytochromes?

A

protein that make up majority of the ETC between ubiquinone and oxygen

30
Q

why the prosthetic group is attached to cytochromes

A

heme group that possess an iron atom that accepts electrons

31
Q

what is Cyt A3?

A

the last cytochrome in the chain

passes the e- to oxygen

32
Q

What does oxygen do at the end of ETC?

A

takes a pair of H+ from the solution and forms water

33
Q

Where does the e- come from in the beginning of the ETC? (3)

A

At complex 1, NADH

at complex 2, FADH2

FADH2 provides less energy for ATP synthesis

34
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

process which energy in the form of H+ gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work

35
Q

What is ATP synthase? (3)

A

enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and P group

found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

uses the energy of an existing ion gradient of H+

36
Q

What are the steps of chemiosmosis? (5)

A
  1. H+ moves down the gradient through a channel in a stator
  2. H+ enters binding sites within a rotor, changing its shape and spins
  3. spinning causes the internal rod to spin
  4. catalytic sites activate, producing ATP
37
Q

How does the ETC maintain a e- gradient?

A

Portions of the ETC releases protons along with electrons

38
Q

proton motive force

A

continuously deposited H+ from the ETC to maintain an H+ gradient in the cytoplasm

39
Q

How does energy flow during respiration?

A

Glucose > NADH > ETC> Proton motive Force> ATP

40
Q

What is the result of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

26-28 ATP

41
Q

Why is the exact result of oxidative phosphorylation unknown? (3)

A
  1. the ratio of NADH molecules to ATP is not a whole number
  2. ATP yields depend on the type of shuttle used to transport electrons from the cytosol into the mitochondria
  3. The proton motive forced generated by the redox reactions of respiration is also used to drive other kinds of work
42
Q

How effective is cellular respiration? (2)

A

34% effective

rest is lost as heat

43
Q

What are ways cells can oxidize fuel to generate ATP without oxygen?

A

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

44
Q

Anaerobic respiration vs fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration uses ETC, while fermentation does not

45
Q

Anaerobic respiration ETC

A

the final electron acceptor is sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfide

46
Q

what is fermentation?

A

extension of glycolysis, continuous generation of ATP through glycolysis

requires a sufficient supply of NAD+ to accept electrons

Electron is transferred from NADH to pyruvate

47
Q

what is alcohol fermentation? (4)

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol

releases CO2 from pyruvate

pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde

acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol, producing NAD+

48
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation? (4)

A

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form Lactate

no CO2 is released

used by muscle cells to make ATP when oxygen is scarce

excess lactate causes pain

49
Q

Fermentation vs cellular respiration
(3)

A

in fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule like pyruvate or acetaldehyde, yielding 2 ATP.

the remaining energy in the molecule is unavailable

in cellular respiration, electrons are transferred to the ETC, and the energy from pyruvate is fully oxidized

50
Q

what are obligate anaerobes? (2)

A

carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

cannot survive in oxygen

51
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration

52
Q

What is deamination?

A

removal of amino groups from an amino acid to be used in glycolysis

53
Q

what is beta oxidation?

A

breaking fatty acids down to two carbon fragments to enter the citric acid cycle

54
Q

How does the body make amino acids?

A

modifying compounds siphoned away from the citric acid cycle

55
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

acids that cannot be made by the boddy

56
Q

How is glucose made in the body?

A

from pyruvate

57
Q

How is fatty acid made in the body?

A

from Acetyl CoA

BI157 (21 decks)

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