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BI157 > Chapter 5.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

Location of carbonyl group (whether they are ketose or aldose)
Number of carbons on the skeleton

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2
Q

Monosaccharide role

A

Fuel for cel and as raw material for building macromolecules

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3
Q

How are monosaccharides linked together?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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4
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide for plants, stored in chloroplast

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5
Q

Amylose

A

Simplest form of starch

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide in animals

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7
Q

Cellulose

A

Component of cell wall
Most abundant organic macromolecule
Aka insoluble giver

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8
Q

Alpha and beta linkages in glucose

A

In alpha linkage, OH stays at the bottom of the ring- starch
Beta linkage alternates- cellulose

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9
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide in the exoskeleton and fungi

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10
Q

What are fats constructed from?

A

Glycerol- 3C alcohol with a hydroxyl group to each C- and fatty acid- carboxyl group to a long skeleton

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11
Q

Triaxylglycerol/ triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol

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12
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Converting unsaturated to saturated fats by adding H, forming trans double bond, forming trans fats

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13
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids from four fused carbon rings

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14
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of animal cell membrane

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15
Q

Protein functions

A
  1. Enzymatic
  2. Defensive
  3. Storage
  4. Transport
  5. Hormonal
  6. Receptor
  7. Contractile and motor
  8. Structural
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16
Q

Enzymatic protein

A

Function- selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example- digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

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17
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Function- protection against disease
Example- antibodies

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18
Q

Storage proteins

A

Function- storage of amino acids
Examples- casein (milk), seeds, and ovalbumin (egg white)

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19
Q

Transport proteins

A

Function- transport of substances
Examples- hemoglobin

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20
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

Function- coordinates an organism activities
Example- insulin

21
Q

Receptor protein

A

Function- response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example- nerve cell signaling detection

22
Q

Contractile and motor proteins

A

Function- movement
Examples- actin and myosin

23
Q

Structural proteins

A

Function- support
Example- keratin in hair

24
Q

Polypeptides

A

Unbranched polymers from amino acids
Possess a unique sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end (c terminus) and an amino end (n terminus)

25
Q

Amino acids

A

Contain a central carbon, an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group

26
Q

How are amino acids linked

A

Peptide bonds

27
Q

Primary structure

A

Proteins unique sequence of amino acids

28
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coils (alpha helix) and folds (beta pleated sheets) in a polypeptide chain

29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall shape of a polypeptide
Results from interactions between the R groups

30
Q

How are tertiary structures held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interaction, and disulfide bridge

31
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide chains forming one macromolecule

32
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules assisting the proper folding of other proteins

33
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritance
Programs amino acid sequence
Consists of DNA

34
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymer made of up of nucleotides

35
Q

DNA role- 2

A

Provides directions for its replication
Directs synthesis of messenger RNA- controls protein synthesis

36
Q

Gene expression

A

Expressing gene on a synthesized protein

37
Q

What is the central dogma of biology

A

Information transfer from genes to proteins

38
Q

Genes to proteins 1

A

Each gene on a DNA directs synthesis of an mRNA
mRNA interacts with ribosomes to direct production of a polypeptide

39
Q

Flow of genetic information

A

DNA - RNA - Protein

40
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Polymers of nice if acid Mande of monomers called nucleotide

41
Q

What do Nucleotides consist of?

A

A nitrogenous base (guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine or uracil) pentode sugar, and 1+ phosphate group

42
Q

Nucleoside

A

Nucleotide without the phosphate group

43
Q

Pyramidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Single six remembered ring

44
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine
Six membered ring fused to a five member Ed ring

45
Q

Sugars in nucleotides

A

DNA- deoxyribose
RNA- ribose

46
Q

How are nucleotides linked together?

A

Phosphodiester linkage

47
Q

DNA structure- 2

A

Forms a double helix, with backbone running opposite 5-3 directions forming anti parallel arrangement

48
Q

Complementary base

A

Adenine- thymine/ uracil
Guanine- cytosine

BI157 (21 decks)

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