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BI157 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division? (2)

A

Reproduction of cells

continuity of life

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2
Q

what is the cell cycle? (2)

A

life of a cell from its first formed during division until its own division

Dividing cell replicates its DNA, and allocates the two copies in opposite ends

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

a cell’s genetic information

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4
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic genomes

A

prokaryotic genomes is usually one DNA molecule

Eukaryotic genomes have a large amount of DNA

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5
Q

What are chromosomes? (3)

A

structures where DNA molecules are packaged

consists of one long DNA molecule

protein maintain structure of the chromosome

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6
Q

what are chromatins?

A

the entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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7
Q

What are somatic cells? (2)

A

All body cells except reproductive cells

Human cells contain 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent

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8
Q

What are gametes? (2)

A

Reproductive cells

Contains one set of 23 chromosomes in human cells

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9
Q

what is the shape of chromosomes when it is not dividing?

A

a long, thin, chromatin fiber

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10
Q

What is the shape of chromosomes when it is dividing?

A

Condensed, with chromatin coiling and folding to condensed chromosomes

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11
Q

What are sister chromatids? (2)

A

joined copies of the original chromosome after duplication

once divided, considered individual chromosomes

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12
Q

What are cohesins? (2)

A

attaches chromatids together

forms an attachment called sister chromatid cohesion

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13
Q

What are centromeres?

A

regions of chromosomal DNA in each sister chromatid where it attaches to each
other

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14
Q

What is mitosis?

A

division of genetic material in the nucleus

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15
Q

What is meiosis (3)

A

cell division of gametes in the ovaries and testes

reduces chromosome number from 2 sets(46 total) to one set

fertilization fuses two gametes together to return to the original amount

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16
Q

What occurs during the Mitotic (M) phase? (3)

A

Includes both mitosis and cytokinesis

shortest part of the cell cycle

alternates with interphase

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17
Q

What occurs during interphase? (2)

A

90% of a cell cycle

cell grows and produces proteins and organelles

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18
Q

What are the subphases of interphase? (3)

A

G1 phase (first gap)- cell growth

S phase (synthesis)- duplication of chromosomes

G2 phase (second gap)- preparation for cell divisions

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19
Q

What occurs during G2 phase? ( 3)

A

a nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus containing one or more nucleoli

two centrosomes have formed by duplications

chromosomes cannot be seen, as it has not condenses

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20
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Regions thar organize the microtubules of the spindle

each centrosome contains two centrioles

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21
Q

What occurs during prophase? (5)

A

Chromatin fibers coil, condensing chromosomes

nucleoli disappear

duplicated chromosome appears as sister chromatids

mitotic spind begins to form

centrosome move away from each other

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22
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A

composed of centrosomes and the microtubules that extend of it

23
Q

What are asters?

A

Microtubules that extend from the centrosomes

24
Q

What occurs during Pro-metaphase? (6)

A

Nuclear envelope fragments

microtubules extend from each centrosome, invading nuclear area

chromosomes condense further

each chromatid now have a kinetochore

Microtubules attach to the kinetochore and become kinetochore microtubules

non-kinetochore microtubules interact with those from the opposite pole of the spindle

25
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Proteins structure at the centromere

26
Q

What occurs during metaphase? (3)

A

Centrosome are now at opposite poles

chromosomes have arrived at the metaphase plate, centromeres lying on the plate

kinetochores are attached to the kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles

27
Q

What occurs during anaphase? (5)

A

the shortest stage

cohesin proteins are cleaved, separating chromatids (separase enzyme cleaves it)

the new chromosome move to opposite ends as kinetochore microtubules shorten, with centromere being dragged

cell elongates, non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen

at the end of anaphase, two ends of the cell have a set of chromosomes

28
Q

What happens during telophase? (6)

A

Daughter nuclei form in the cell

nuclear envelope arise from the parent’s fragment envelope

nucleoli reappear

chromosomes become less condensed

spindle microtubules depolymerize

mitosis is complete

29
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis? (2)

A

division of cytoplasm

forms a cleavage furrow, pinching cell in twp

30
Q

What is the mitotic spindle? (5)

A

First begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase

consists of fibers made of microtubules

while the spindle assembles, cytoskeleton disassembles

spindle elongates, incorporating subunits of tubulins

starts at the centrosome but can start without it

31
Q

How do kinetochores drag chromosomes? (2)

A

using motor proteins

microtubules depolymerize at their kinetochore ends after motor proteins have passed

32
Q

What do nonkinetochore microtubules do? (3)

A

Overlap during metaphase

during anaphase, overlapping areas reduce as motor proteins attached to the microtubules walk away from each other

microtubules push away from eachother, lengthening the cell

33
Q

What is the cleavage furrow? (3)

A

the first sign of the cleavage process

a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

on the cytoplasmic side is a ring of actin microfilaments that react with myosin to form a ring and contract

34
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells (2)

A

during telophase, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus produce a cell plate

cell wall materials in the vesicles collect in the cell plate and grow until it forms a wall

35
Q

What is binary fission? (2)

A

Prokaryotes- when a cell grows to double its size and divides

Eukaryotes- asexual reproduction

36
Q

What is the origin of replication? (3)

A

area of the chromosome in bacteria where replication begins

as it replicates, origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell

cell elongates until it is twice the size

37
Q

What is the cell cycle control system?

A

set of molecules that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

38
Q

What is the checkpoint and what is it made of?

A

Control point that regulates the cycle

made up of protein kinases and cyclins

39
Q

What is kinases? (3)

A

enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins

activates by attaching to cyclin

AKA cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

40
Q

With is a cyclin?

A

a protein with fluctuating concentration in the cell

41
Q

what is MPF?

A

cyclin-cdk complex that triggers cell passage into M Phase

42
Q

What occurs during the MPF cycle? (5)

A

Synthesis of cyclin in late S phase through G2

Cyclin binds with Cdk to products MPF
With enough MPF, cell enters mitosis

MPF promotes mitosis by creating various proteins, peaking during metaphase

During anaphase, cyclin degrades, terminating M phase, entering G phase

Cyclin continues to degrade during G1, and the cdk component is recycled

43
Q

What occurs during G1 Checkpoint? (3)

A

Most important

If approved, it completes G1,S,G2,M phase and divides

If it does not approve, it may exit the cycle and enter G0 phase

44
Q

What occurs during M phase checkpoint? (3)

A

Checks whether chromosomes are all attached to spindle fibers

Does not separate until all chromatids are attached

45
Q

What is growth factor?

A

protein released by cells that stimulates other cells to divide

46
Q

What is density-dependent inhibition?

A

when crowded cells stop dividing

47
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

to divide, the cell must be attached to a substratum

48
Q

What are cancer cells? (5)

A

Do not heed normal signals regulated in the cell cycle

Continue to divide even without growth factor

Cancer cells stop dividing at random points

Can divide indefinitely if given a continual supply of nutrients

do not undergo apoptosis

49
Q

What is cancer transformation?

A

when normal cells start to behave like cancer cells

50
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of abnormal cells within normal tissue

51
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

abnormal cells staying in the original site due too gew genetic and cellular changes

52
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

abnormal cells spreading to new tissue

53
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site

BI157 (21 decks)

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