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BI157 > Chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

Microscopes that passes visible light through a specimen, refracting the light

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2
Q

What are the important parameters of microscopy? 3

A

Magnification- ratio of image to real size
Resolution- measure of clarity in an image
Contrast- difference in brightness between sample and background

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3
Q

What are light micrographs

A

Images obtained with light microscopes

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4
Q

Brightfield microscopy

A

Formed by transmitting light through a cell

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5
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

Rays of light or directed from the side on the light scattered by the specimen enters the lenses

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6
Q

Phase contrast, microscopy

A

Variations and density causes differences in the way various regions of the cytoplasm refract light 

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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Using electron beams consisting of energize electrons

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8
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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9
Q

What domains consist of eukaryotic cell

A

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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10
Q

What do all cells have? 4

A

A plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

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11
Q

What do prokaryotic cells have? 4

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called a nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm down by the plasma membrane

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12
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have?

A

DNA in the nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane bound, organelle
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma, membrane and nucleus

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the volume of every cell

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14
Q

Why are cells sizes limited?

A

The metabolic requirement set upper limits
The surface area to volume ratio

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15
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains most of the cells of genes

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16
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

A layer that encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is a nuclear lamina?

A

Aligning on the inner side of the envelope, composed of proteins, and maintains the shape of a nucleus

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18
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Units of DNA in the nucleus
Composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins

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19
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
They condense to form discreet chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

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20
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Located within the nucleus, the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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21
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Made of rRNA and protein carries out proteins synthesis in the cytosol, and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What does the Endo membrane system consist of? 6

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

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23
Q

What are vesicles

A

Connects via transfer the Endo membrane system

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24
Q

What is the ER?

A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope accounts for more than half of the total membrane

25
Q

What is the difference between the smooth and the rough ER?

A

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes

26
Q

What is the function of smooth ER? 4

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies, drugs, and poisons
Stores calcium ions

27
Q

What is the function of the rough ER? 3

A

The bound ribosomes secretes glycoproteins
Distributes transport vesicles
Membrane factory for the cell

28
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flatten, membranous, sac, called cisternae

29
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? 3

A

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

30
Q

What is a lysosome and how is it made?

A

A membrane, a sack of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
They are made and the rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi

31
Q

 What is phagocytosis?

A

A cell engulfing another cell

32
Q

What is autophagy

A

When lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cells on organelles and macromolecules

33
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Large vesicles derive from the ER and Golgi apparatus

34
Q

What are the three types of vacuoles

A

Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis
Contractile, vacuoles pump, excess water out of cells
Central vacuoles hold organic compounds and water

35
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen and organic molecules to generate ATP

36
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Found in plants and algae, or the site of photosynthesis converts and carbon dioxide into organic molecules and releasing oxygen using energy from sunlight

37
Q

How is the mitochondria and chloroplast similar? 3

A

They are enveloped by double membrane
Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
And grow and reproduce summer independently in cells

38
Q

What is the Endo symbiont theory?

A

An early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen using none photo synthetic prokaryotic cell
The engulfed cell evolved into mitochondria

39
Q

What does the mitochondria consist of?

A

A smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folding into cristae

Cristae provides a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Inner membrane consist of two compartments - inter-membrane space, and mitochondrial matrix

Cellular respiration are catalyze in the mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Contain the green pigment chlorophyll as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

41
Q

What does the chloroplast structure include?

A

Thlyakoids- membranous sacs stacked to form granum
Stroma the internal fluid

42
Q

What are peroxisome 2

A

Specialized metabolic compartment
Produces hydrogen peroxide, and converted to water

43
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Networker fibers, extending throughout the cytoplasm
Organize a cell structures and activities and cream many organelles

44
Q

What is a cytoskeleton made of 3

A

Microtubules- thickest component
Microfilaments - thinnest component, also known as actin filament
Intermediate filaments- fibers

45
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Support the cell and maintains its shape
Interaction motor proteins to produce motility of the cell itself


46
Q

What is the function of microtubules? 3

A

Shaping the cell
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division

47
Q

What is the centrosomes

A

Where microtubules grow out of

Consist of a pair of centrioles each with nine triplets of microtubules are arranged in a ring

48
Q

What is the structure of cilia and flagella

A

A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane
A basal body that anchors
A motor proteins called dynein

49
Q

What is the role of microfilaments? 3

A

To bear tension
Form a 3-D network called the cortex
The core of microvilli

50
Q

What is myosin?

A

Proteins in microfilament the function in cellular motility

51
Q

 What is the role of intermediate filaments? 2

A

Support cell shape and fix organelles in place
The most permanent cytoskeleton fixtures

52
Q

What is the cell wall? 2

A

Protects the plant cell, maintain its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers

53
Q

What are the layers of the cell wall?

A

Primary cell wall- thin and flexible
Middle lamella- send Larry between primary walls of adjacent cells
Secondary cell wall - between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

54
Q

What is plasmodesmata

A

Channels between adjacent plant cells

55
Q

What is in the extracellular matrix?

A

Glycoproteins, such as collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin’s

56
Q

What are integrins

A

Receptor proteins that the extracellular matrix proteins bind to on the plasma membrane

57
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Membranes of neighboring cells pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid

58
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions fastening cells together into Strongs sheets

59
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

BI157 (21 decks)

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