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Psych 377 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor cortex plans and

A

initiates movement

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2
Q

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

A

coordinate movement

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3
Q

Spinal cord conducts

A

information to the muscles

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4
Q

Initiating and producing movement requires

A

the interaction of information from the senses and the entire brain

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5
Q

Sequential Production of Movement (1-8)

A

1.visual info required to locate target 2.frontal motor areas plan the reach and command the movement 3.spinal cord carries information to hand 4.motor neurons carry message to muscles of the hand and forearm 5. sensory receptors on the fingers send messages to sensory cortex saying that the cup has been grapst 6. spinal cord carries sensory information to the brain 7.basal ganglia judge grasp forces and cerebellum corrects movement errors 8. sensory cortex receives message that cup has been graspt

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6
Q

Parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7)

A

integrates information from the senses and initiates movements based on sensory information

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7
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

plans movements based on experiences, goals, and sensory input

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8
Q

Premotor cortex

A

coordinates whole-body movements and organizes action sequences

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9
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

produces simple movements, such as hand movements to use or manipulate tools

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10
Q

order of movement within the brain

A

parietal cortex sends goals - prefrontalcortex plans - premotor cortex sequences - motor cortex executes

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11
Q

As movement complexity increases

A

additional brain areas are recruited to coordinate the movement

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12
Q

Electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus triggered

A

triggered movements of different parts of the body

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13
Q

Stimulation of the cortex immediately anterior to the primary motor cortex also elicited

A

movement

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14
Q

The motor homunculus is similar to the somatosensory homunculus, with the body represented

A

upside down, the feet in the central fissure, and the head near the inferior lateral surface

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15
Q

The motor homunculus has larger representations for the

A

hands and tongue, areas associated with fine motor control

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16
Q

Original mapping of the motor cortex was relatively crude, using

A

large electrodes

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17
Q

Brief electrical stimulation produces movement of

A

a specific body part

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18
Q

longer stimulations result in

A

ethological behaviors, or behaviors the animal might use in everyday activities

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19
Q

ethological behaviors

A

Defensive postures
Reaching movements
Climbing and leaping postures

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20
Q

Ethological movements

A

include the part of the body to be moved, the destination to which the movement is directed, and the function of the movement

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21
Q

Organization of the homunculus is somewhat maintained by the

A

ethological movements

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22
Q

hand movments and the homunculus

A

Hand movements are ventral

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23
Q

hand movements from hand to mouth and the homunculus

A

Movements of hand to mouth are most ventral

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24
Q

More complex, whole-body movements are in

A

premotor area

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25
Q

Ethological movements can be elicited from

A

parietal cortex stimulation

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26
Q

Movements evoked from the parietal lobe map - dorsal stimulation

A

Stepping movements

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27
Q

Movements evoked from the parietal lobe map - ventral stimulation

A

Hand movements

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28
Q

Movements evoked from the parietal lobe map - most ventral stimulation

A

Mouth movements

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29
Q

The pincer grip is a developmental milestone in the

A

first few months of life that gets refined over time

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30
Q

Damage to cortical motor areas impairs

A

the entire movement, not just the one part of the body or muscle that corresponds to the damage

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31
Q

Movements to replace the impaired movement are controlled by an

A

intact part of the cortex, such as the pincer grip being replaced by the whole hand grip

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32
Q

Evidence from stroke studies suggests that movements are encoded

A

in multiple places in the cortex

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33
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex produces

A

muscle weakness and impairs individual movements

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34
Q

Damage to premotor cortex impairs

A

complex movements involving multiple body parts

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35
Q

Movements coordinated by the motor planning areas

A

integrate and refine more basic movements, such as walking or climbing movements

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36
Q

The role of the neocortex and motor planning areas seems to involve

A

blending these prelearned movements

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37
Q

Corticomotor-Neuron Activity in monkeys lifting weights

A

Electrodes implanted into the wrist area of the primary motor cortex,Neuronal activity increased while the monkey was planning the movement, before actually moving, Activity increased further during the actual movement, Neuronal activity was even higher when there was more weight on the bar, Neurons encode direction, firing during flexion movements but not during extension, Movement is encoded by a population of neurons, not a single cell

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38
Q

Many movements are learned and are modified based on our

A

interaction with others

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39
Q

Mirror neurons are found in the

A

ventral premotor areas

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40
Q

Mirror neurons are found in the ventral premotor area and are active both when the animal is

A

performing a movement and when it observes someone else making that same movement

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41
Q

Some mirror neurons are specific to the

A

size of the target object

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42
Q

Some mirror neurons discharge only when the object is

A

in reach

43
Q

Core mirror neurons are less

A

specific and respond to broad classes of movement

44
Q

Additional mirror neurons have been identified in the

A

temporal and parietal lobes

45
Q

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem are important for the

A

control of movement

46
Q

Basal ganglia includes the

A

caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

47
Q

Basal ganglia receive input from the

A

cortex and the substantia nigra in the midbrain

48
Q

Basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and the substantia nigra in the midbrain and send projections

A

back to these areas

49
Q

Hyperkinetic symptoms Result from damage to the

A

caudate and putamen

50
Q

Hyperkinetic disorders

A

Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome

51
Q

Hypokinetic symptoms Result from loss of

A

dopamine input from the substantia nigra

52
Q

Hypokinetic symptoms Associated with difficulty

A

making voluntary movements

53
Q

Hypokinetic disorders

A

Parkinsons disease

54
Q

the role of the basal ganglia is to

A

modulate movements

55
Q

basial ganglia and movement force and movement disorders

A

One hypothesis is that the basal ganglia control movement force, and the movement disorders are issues with too much or too little force

56
Q

Output from the interior portion of the globus pallidus (GPi) projects

A

to the thalamus and motor cortex

57
Q

If the predominant input to GPi is inhibitory, then the region

A

fails to inhibit the thalamus and movement occurs

58
Q

If the predominant input is excitatory, then the GPi

A

inhibits the thalamus and movement is prevented

59
Q

Decreasing activity in the GPi

A

descreases the symptoms of Parkinson disease

60
Q

Cerebellum is important for

A

acquiring and maintaining motor skills

61
Q

Cerebellum includes two

A

hemispheres and a small horizontal lobe, the flocculus

62
Q

Different parts of the cerebellum are involved in

A

different aspects of motor control

63
Q

Flocculus receives information from the

A

vestibular system and is involved in balance

64
Q

Midline areas of the cerebellum control the

A

midline of the body

65
Q

Lateral areas of the cerebellum are involved in

A

movements of the limbs and hands

66
Q

Cerebellum is important in

A

timing movements

67
Q

Damage to the cerebellum impairs the ability to

A

move at a regular rhythm

68
Q

Damage to the cerebellum also impairs the ability to accurately

A

perceive time

69
Q

Cerebellum is important for monitoring

A

movement accuracy

70
Q

cerebellar experiments and throwing darts

A

2 groups were given glasses that distorted their vision and were asked to throw darts initially patients with an intact cerebellum adjusted their throws so that they hit the target Patients with cerebellar damage were unable to adjust their movements to hit the target,When the goggles were removed, patients with an intact cerebellum threw incorrectly again and had to compensate, but patients with cerebellar damage were on target and did not have to correct

71
Q

Cerebellum and Motor Feedback 1

A

If the movement does not reach the intended target, some adjustment is needed

72
Q

Cerebellum and Motor Feedback 2

A

Cortex sends the motor command to the spinal cord, but sends a copy to the cerebellum

73
Q

Cerebellum and Motor Feedback 3

A

Sensory information from the muscles and the visual system is sent to the cerebellum

74
Q

Cerebellum and Motor Feedback 4

A

Cerebellum compares the intention (motor output) with the results (sensory input) and generates a correction to achieve the desired result

75
Q

Cognitive processes, such as language, use a similar error correction strategy based in the

A

cerebellum

76
Q

Main motor control pathway originates in the

A

motor cortex

77
Q

multiple pathways originate in the

A

brainstem

78
Q

Spinal cord pathways provide input about

A

balance and posture to refine the movement commanded by the cortex

79
Q

Movements specified by the brainstem tend to be

A

coarse movements of the entire body

80
Q

Electrical stimulation of brainstem areas produces behaviors such as

A

an arched back and erect hair in a cat or walking or running behaviors

81
Q

The timing of the behavior depended on the timing of the

A

stimulation

82
Q

the intensity of the behavior was determined by the

A

magnitude of the stimulation

83
Q

The spinal cord is the final

A

pathway to convert motor plans into movements

84
Q

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts project from

A

the cortex to the spinal cord

85
Q

Corticobulbar tracts control

A

facial movements

86
Q

Corticospinal tracts influence

A

movement of the limbs, digits, and body

87
Q

Corticospinal tracts originate in

A

somatosensory areas, motor cortex, and premotor cortex

88
Q

Input from somatosensory areas modulates

A

afferent sensory information

89
Q

Input from motor areas projects to

A

motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord to influence movement

90
Q

Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts originate in layer

A

V

91
Q

Approximately 95% of the descending motor pathways decussate on the

A

ventral surface of the brainstem, resulting in a bump called the pyramids

92
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract decussates and influences the movements of

A

limbs and digits contralateral to the hemisphere where the motor command originated

93
Q

The anterior corticospinal tract does not decussate and controls

A

movements of the trunk

94
Q

Motor neurons of the spinal cord provide the output connection between the

A

nervous system and the muscles

95
Q

Neurons from the corticospinal tracts synapse on both

A

interneurons and motor neurons

96
Q

Spinal motor neurons and interneurons are arranged in a

A

homunculus

97
Q

Lateral motor neurons influence the

A

fingers and hand

98
Q

Intermediate motor neurons control the

A

limbs

99
Q

Medial motor neurons control the

A

trunk

100
Q

Muscles that control the limbs are arranged in

A

pairs

101
Q

Extensor muscles move the limb

A

away from the trunk

102
Q

Flexor muscles move the limb

A

toward the trunk

103
Q

Circuits in the spinal cord cause one muscle of the pair to

A

relax while the other muscle is excited

Psych 377 (10 decks)

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