Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 377 > chapter 22 > Flashcards

chapter 22 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Attention is

A

narrowing of awareness to a particular part of the sensory environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consciousness can be synonymous with awareness, but also has a

A

more complicated meaning that is more like awareness of awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Some researchers argue that consciousness and attention are different

A

Attention tends to be top-down and takes time to focus on a part of the sensory world
Consciousness provides a summary of all information that is relevant to the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Automatic processes can be

A

performed with little focused attention and occur unconsciously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Automatic processes can be

A

innate or the result of training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Automatic processes are

A

bottom-up, driven by sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conscious operations require

A

focused attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conscious operations are

A

op-down, requiring cognitive input and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Given the different types of processing and input, it is likely that automatic and conscious processes rely on

A

different brain circuitry, possibly including the circuits related to consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Certain types of visual search are automatic, such as

A

the addition of a vertical line or the use of bold type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Searches that require a combination of multiple features are

A

slower and require a serial search

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Feature search is a strategy for

A

scanning the environment for an object with a specific combination of features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Object visually perceived in V1 is

A

broken down into features, to be processed serially by higher visual areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Features of the object within the mental spotlight are somehow

A

recombined, possibly through reentry processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Areas outside V1 or V2 should respond

A

differently to a stimulus, depending on whether attention is focused on that object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Experiments to test the effects of focus of attention must use

A

the same stimulus in all conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An experiment varied the location of a stimulus and identified different responses in higher visual areas (V4, TE) depending on

A

where the stimulus was presented and what the monkey was trained to attend to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

There seem to be multiple visual attention systems, with one

A

selecting stimuli and another selecting and directing movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Priority maps

A

encode stimulus location in terms of the behavioral significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Priority maps are found in

A

in frontal eye fields, lateral intraparietal area, and superior colliculcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mental capacity is limited, so dividing attention to

A

multiple tasks can divide that limited resource and cause all tasks to be performed with lower efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Routine tasks can be

A

performed with ease while performing another task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

More complex tasks require more

A

attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cells in V4

A

can be selective about what they respond to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

V4 Cells are normally responsive to a

A

combination of orientation and color, but will respond to lines of somewhat different orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When animals discriminate between lines of similar orientation, performance accuracy

A

decreases, indicating the task is harder, and activity of cells in V4 increases and the cells become more selective in what they respond to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cells in the pulvinar project

A

throughout the cortex and may help direct the attentional spotlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

If there is only one object in the attentional spotlight, the visual system can

A

bind all the properties together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

If multiple objects occupy the spotlight, cells in area

A

TE seem to process different objects in parallel to differentiate between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Attention needs to be divided across

A

sensory modalities for multisensory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When attention is directed to one of the sensory modalities

A

activity increases in the relevant cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When attention is divided between two modalities

A

there are no changes in the individual sensory areas, but an increase in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A functional-brain-imaging study had two tasks, each of which used

A

the same stimuli but had different attentional demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Attending to the moving light stimulus resulted in

A

in increased activity in the posterior parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

If the moving light was in the left visual field, only the

A

right parietal cortex was active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

If the light was in the right visual field,

A

bilateral parietal cortex was active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Each visual field had a

A

different focus of activation in the right parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A separate study had a selective-attention condition and a divided-attention condition

A

Different types of attention recruited different brain areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Attentional tasks activate

A

anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and specific sensory areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Attentional system is distinct from the

A

sensory networks that process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Attention is not a

A

single process, but a connection of areas distributed throughout the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Brain regions form three different networks supporting attention

A

Alerting network
Orienting network
Executive network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Alerting network structures

A

Locus Coeruleus, Frontal and parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Alerting network modulator

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Orienting structurers

A

Superior parietal, temporal parietal junction, frontal eye fields, superior colliculus, pulvinar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Orienting network modulator

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Executive network strucutres

A

Anterior cingulate, anterior insula, Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Executive network modulator

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Alerting Network

A

Ascending reticular activating system from the midbrain maintains alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Noradrenergic neurons project from the

A

locus coeruleus to the forebrain

51
Q

Noradrenergic neurons project from the locus coeruleus to the forebrain Alerts the prefrontal and posterior

A

parietal cortex to rapidly process and respond to stimuli

52
Q

Noradrenergic neurons project from the locus coeruleus to the forebrain Alerts the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex to rapidly process and respond to stimuli Activity in this network suppresses

A

processing in other cerebral networks

53
Q

Orienting Network

A

Prioritizes one sensory modality over the others or a particular location in space

54
Q

Orienting Network Modulated by which neurons

A

cholinergic neurons

55
Q

Dorsal orienting network

A

Involves the frontal eye fields and intraparietal sulcus
Strongly right lateralized
Directs attention toward a specific object in a top-down process

56
Q

Ventral orienting network

A

Involves the temporoparietal junction, ventral frontal cortex, and pulvinar
Synchronizes activity with bottom-up incoming sensory information

57
Q

Two executive networks work via top-down influences

A

Dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex–parietal network, Anterior cingulate/medial frontal–anterior insula network

58
Q

Dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex–parietal network

A

is active at the beginning of a task

59
Q

Anterior cingulate/medial frontal–anterior insula network remains active

A

throughout the task

60
Q

Activity in areas within a network is highly

A

correlated

61
Q

Activity is not correlated between the two

A

networks

62
Q

Controlling cognition and emotions is a form of

A

self-control

63
Q

Controlling cognition and emotions is a form of self-control Such control is associated with activity in the

A

lateral prefrontal and cingulate regions

64
Q

Stress changes the structure and gene expression patterns of the

A

prefrontal cortex, leading to deficits in cognitive control of emotion that are associated with neuropsychiatric conditions

65
Q

Psychosocial stress impairs the performance of

A

medical students on attentional tasks by decreasing activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, premotor, and posterior parietal cortices

66
Q

Disorders Associated with Attention Networks (Alerting)

A

Aging, ADHD

67
Q

Disorders Associated with Attention Networks (orienting)

A

Autism, PTSD, Neglect

68
Q

Disorders Associated with Attention Networks (executive)

A

Axiety disorders, Depression, OCD, Personality disorders, Schizophrenia, Substance abuse

69
Q

Alerting \aAging symptoms

A

Sleep disorders

70
Q

Alerting ADHD symptoms

A

Hyperactivity, Concentration

71
Q

Orienting Autism symptoms

A

Disengage deficit

72
Q

Orienting PTSD symptoms

A

Difficulty disengaging from fearful stimuli

73
Q

Orienting Neglect symptoms

A

Orienting to contralesional space

74
Q

Executive Anxiety disorder symptoms

A

Difficulty inhibiting fear

75
Q

Executive Depression symptoms

A

Dwell on negative ideation

76
Q

Executive OCD symptoms

A

Reoccurring thoughts, images or behaviors

77
Q

Executive Personality disorders symptoms

A

Negative ideation, Lack of control

78
Q

Executive Schizophrenia symptoms

A

hallucinations

79
Q

Executive Substance abuse symptoms

A

Compelled behavior

80
Q

It is unclear how the attention systems direct attention, but one hypothesis is that the attention system induces

A

synchrony between neurons that assess the sensory signal

81
Q

The timing of action potentials is adjusted to have the input from two neurons arrive at the target at the

A

same time and be summed, increasing the chance of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell

82
Q

During an attention-demanding task, there was increased activity in the

A

dorsal executive attention network and decreased activity in the default network

83
Q

Attention increases

A

synchrony within the brain

84
Q

Inattention

A

People fail to notice something while they are performing another task, a process known as inattention blindness

85
Q

When distracted by a counting task, 70% of participants failed to

A

a researcher in a gorilla suit walk through the middle of a basketball game

86
Q

Subjects routinely fail to notice changes in the environment if they

A

are not expecting them, which is known as change blindness

87
Q

In the case of attentional blink, attending to one stimulus prevents the subject from being aware of a

A

second stimulus

88
Q

Brain imaging shows these unattended items are detected by the sensory systems, but are

A

are filtered out before conscious awareness

89
Q

Patients with damage to the right temporoparietal junction do not attend to the

A

left side of space around them

90
Q

While objects in the right visual field can be attended to by the left or the right parietal lobe, objects in the left visual field are only attended to by the

A

right parietal lobe

91
Q

Using a prism to shift objects from the left visual field to the right visual field for a few minutes a day resulted in significantly greater ability to

A

to attend to objects in the left visual field

92
Q

Damage to the frontal lobes (BA 6) results in

A

contralateral neglect only for objects close enough to be grasped

93
Q

Consciousness

A

Consciousness can be defined as the level of responsiveness of the mind to impressions made by the senses

94
Q

Consciousness is not the same over time, with young children and individuals with dementia experiencing

A

experiencing a different level of consciousness

95
Q

Similarly, levels of consciousness vary over the day, as we transition from

A

sleep to wakefulness

96
Q

Reflexive responses to stimuli are not considered

A

indications of consciousness

97
Q

Conscious awareness of a movement might occur only after the

A

movement is complete

98
Q

Integrated information theory attempts to explain consciousness

A

Consciousness exists
Consciousness is structured and composed of multiple distinctions between the phenomena we observe

99
Q

Consciousness is structured and composed of multiple

A

distinctions between the phenomena we observe

100
Q

Consciousness is composed of specific information, and

A

each experience is distinct from other experiences

101
Q

Consciousness is unified and cannot be

A

broken up into multiple subparts

102
Q

Consciousness is made up of individual experiences that are

A

separated from other conscious experiences by cause-and-effect relationships

103
Q

Conscious requires the interaction of

A

sensory areas, memory, and likely other systems such as emotion and executive function

104
Q

Conscious includes

A

arousal, perception, attention, and working memory

105
Q

Binding is likely important

A

to unify these four processes

106
Q

Studies of perceiving and responding to faces show patterns of

A

synchronous activity, followed by asynchronous activity, and finally synchronous activity

107
Q

researchers do not know the essential

A

neural regions for consciousness

108
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and posterior cingulate cortex are all

A

all inactive when the participant is unconscious

109
Q

A network of frontoparietal areas is correlated during a

A

a quiet, resting, conscious state

110
Q

Patients in a coma or vegetative state do produce

A

brain activity in response to verbal commands, such as imagining they are playing tennis or walking around their home

111
Q

Studies of clinical patients and neuroimaging studies suggest that there is a

A

bilateral region of the parietal lobe that is necessary for consciousness, but no necessary area in the frontal lobe

112
Q

Some researchers have proposed that the claustrum is the brain region that is critical in

A

binding together information, given that it receives connections from nearly the entire cortex

113
Q

There is overlap in the brain regions associated with consciousness and those associated with

A

self-awareness

114
Q

There is overlap in the brain regions associated with consciousness and those associated with self-awareness

A

Medial frontal cortex
Posterior cingulate cortex

115
Q

consciousness may not be necessary to experience

A

Emotion

116
Q

Nonconscious emotions can be demonstrated in experiments such as

A

fear conditioning

117
Q

Blindsight, priming, dorsal-stream processing, and other experimental evidence suggests that

A

cognitive activity can occur on the nonconscious level

118
Q

When asked to explain their behaviors, people often do not recognize and report the factors that

A

influenced their behaviors

119
Q

Sensory systems take in large amounts of information, which is used to influence

A

decisions, but we are only consciously aware of a small amount of that information

120
Q

Automatic processes use system

A

1 to generate rapid, nonconscious responses to stimuli

121
Q

Conscious processes use system

A

2 to produce slower, controlled responses based on relevant knowledge and experience

122
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

A fairly new interdisciplinary field that studies how the brain makes decisions

123
Q

Current research is focused on neuroeconomics and health psychology to understand

A

how individuals make decisions about health and wellness behaviors

Psych 377 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions