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Chapter 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Unable to form most new memories

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2
Q

Short-term memory stores information for

A

a brief period of time, which can be extended by rehearsal, but fades if not stored more permanently

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3
Q

Long-term memory is

A

a more permanent storage of information

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4
Q

Explicit memory includes

A

facts and events that we recall spontaneously and consciously

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5
Q

Episodic memories

A

autobiographical; semantic memories are for facts

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6
Q

Implicit memories are

A

motor skills that can be performed automatically without full awareness of how we do the task

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7
Q

Emotional memories

A

the affective properties of the stimulus

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8
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of existing memories or the inability to form new memories

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9
Q

With amnesia there is an

A

event or incident that causes the memory loss

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10
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from before the event

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11
Q

Retrograde amnesia is

A

time-dependent, with more recent events more likely to be lost

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12
Q

Traumatic brain injury often results in

A

time-dependent retrograde amnesia, with longer periods of amnesia being associated with more severe injuries

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13
Q

Some events can be retained as

A

islands of memory within the period of retrograde amnesia

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14
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering things you intend to do, such as run an errand or call a friend

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15
Q

Destination memory

A

memory for past interactions, such as who you told a story to

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16
Q

Childhood or infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember events from the first 4 years of life and difficulty recalling things that happened in about the first decade of life

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17
Q

Childhood or infantile amnesia is due to

A

developmental changes in cognitive abilities and memory systems that occur in the first decade of life

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18
Q

alternative hypothesis to Childhood or infantile amnesia

A

the rapid proliferation of new hippocampal neurons early in life might disrupt stored memories

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19
Q

A fugue state

A

when an individual loses memory of their personal history

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20
Q

A fugue state may be due to

A

damage to memory systems of the medial temporal lobe

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21
Q

Amnesias can exist for

A

specific categories of items, such as human faces, fruits and vegetables, or animals and birds

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22
Q

Autonoetic awareness of time is the awareness that

A

there is a continuum from our past to our present to our future and allows us to do mental time travel to our past and our future

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23
Q

Autonoetic awareness depends on the

A

hippocampus and frontal lobes, as damage to these areas can cause the loss of this self-knowledge

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24
Q

It is possible to remember facts and general knowledge without being able to

A

remember personal, autobiographical details, suggesting these processes depend on different brain regions

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25
Q

Semantic memory Involves regions of the

A

temporal and frontal lobes that are distinct from the areas involved in episodic memory

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26
Q

fMRI studies identified a network of left-hemisphere regions that are active during

A

semantic memory tasks and largely overlap with the default network

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27
Q

Network of temporal-lobe structures and parts of the ventral-stream pathway support

A

explicit memory

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28
Q

Multiple thalamic nuclei support

A

explicit memory because they serve to relay information from the prefrontal cortex to the temporal lobe

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29
Q

Hippocampus includes two

A

gyri

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30
Q

Ammon’s horn contains

A

pyramidal cells divided into four output layers known as CA1 through CA4

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31
Q

Dentate gyrus contains

A

stellate granule cells

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32
Q

stellate granule cells

A

sensory cells that undergo neurogenesis to produce new cells throughout life

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33
Q

The cells of the hippocampus are sensitive to

A

oxygen deprivation, with CA1 cells being most sensitive, followed by the other CA cells, then the stellate cells of the dentate gyrus

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34
Q

Patients with damage to the CA1 region have

A

a few years of retrograde amnesia, whereas those with greater damage have longer periods of amnesia

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35
Q

Hippocampus stores memories when they are formed, but older memories are stored in the

A

adjacent cortex

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36
Q

Early damage to the hippocampus results in

A

profound problems with episodic memory, but fairly normal semantic memory

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37
Q

Damage to the hippocampal connections resembles amnesia associated with damage to the

A

hippocampus itself

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38
Q

Rhinal cortex of the temporal lobe includes the

A

perirhinal and entorhinal cortex and is part of the pathway for information flowing into the hippocampus from the neocortex

39
Q

Rhinal cortex is often damaged in patients with

A

medial-temporal-lobe lesions, making it difficult to determine what deficits are due to hippocampal damage and which are due to rhinal cortex damage

40
Q

Lesions to the hippocampus resulted in

A

no problems with object recognition, but the use of context was impaired

41
Q

Lesions to the rhinal cortex impaired

A

object recognition

42
Q

Damage to the right temporal cortex impairs

A

face recognition, spatial position, and maze learning

43
Q

Damage to the left temporal lobe impairs

A

memory for word lists, lists of consonants, and nonspatial associations

44
Q

Bilateral lesions of the parietal and occipital lobes can result in specific forms of

A

amnesia, including color amnesia, prosopagnosia, object anomia, and topographic amnesia

45
Q

Damage to the left prefrontal cortex is predicted to interfere with

A

encoding semantic and episodic memories

46
Q

Damage to the right prefrontal cortex is predicted to interfere with

A

retrieving episodic memory

47
Q

Using language and motor skills relies on

A

implicit memory

48
Q

Priming is an experimental test of

A

implicit memory in which a stimulus is presented initially to make it more likely for the subject to respond later to the same or a similar stimulus

49
Q

Patients with amnesia do about as well as control subjects saying the word that was on the studied list or identifying a previously seen picture, even though the patients

A

do not remember the training

50
Q

The proposed implicit memory circuit suggests that

A

multiple regions of the cortex and the substantia nigra project to the basal ganglia, which projects to the premotor cortex

51
Q

Brain-imaging studies during the pursuit rotor implicit memory task find increased activity in the

A

basal ganglia, motor cortex, and cerebellum

52
Q

Patients with Huntington disease have degeneration of the

A

basal ganglia

53
Q

Huntington disease patients are impaired on classic tests of

A

implicit memory, such as mirror drawing

54
Q

Patients with Parkinson disease, which is characterized by

A

impairments of the basal ganglia, also show deficits of implicit memory

55
Q

Successful treatment of Parkinson disease with l-dopa also improves

A

implicit memory

56
Q

Cerebellum projects to the

A

motor regions of the cortex via the thalamus

57
Q

Cerebellum is involved in

A

classical conditioning tasks, such as eyeblink conditioning

58
Q

Cerebellar lesions in rabbits prevent the rabbits from

A

learning the cue that a puff of air is coming, so they should blink their eye

59
Q

Neurotransmitters ascending from the brainstem are associated with memory (4)

A

Cholinergic
Serotonergic
Noradrenergic
Dopaminergic

60
Q

Impairments in the cholinergic system are associated with

A

Alzheimer disease

61
Q

Amnesia can result from damage to the ascending cholinergic and

A

serotonergic cells simultaneously

62
Q

Emotional Memory Involves both

A

bottom-up and top-down processing

63
Q

Emotional Memory

A

Memory for the affective properties of a stimulus

64
Q

Fear conditioning uses a

A

noxious stimulus paired with a neutral stimulus to evoke an emotional response

65
Q

Amygdala is involved in

A

fear conditioning

66
Q

The amygdala plays an important role in

A

emotional memory

67
Q

The amygdala is made of many

A

nuclei, including the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, and the central nucleus

68
Q

Regions of the amygdala influence the

A

autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus

69
Q

Damage to the amygdala impairs

A

emotional memory, but not implicit or explicit memory

70
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Forms a record of recent events and the order in which they occurred

71
Q

Short-Term Memory Holds information for a

A

short time while we use the information

72
Q

Short-term memory for object information uses the

A

ventral stream and for motor information uses the dorsal stream, both of which project to the frontal lobe

73
Q

Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe retain

A

normal short-term memory

74
Q

Patients with damage to the posterior temporal lobe or temporo–parieto–occipital junction have

A

short-term memory impairments

75
Q

Frontal-lobe damage is often associated with

A

with short-term memory impairments

76
Q

Patients with frontal-lobe damage are significantly impaired on the

A

recency test

77
Q

Left-frontal-lobe damage is most significant for what type of material

A

verbal material

78
Q

right-frontal-lobe damage is most significant for what type of material

A

nonverbal material

79
Q

Neuropsychological Testing

A

Common tests present two stimuli, one after the other Patient needs to report whether both stimuli were they same or which one they had seen most recently

80
Q

Interference Tasks

A

Subjects are shown five lists of words and told to recall as many words as possible, The first four lists all contain words from the same category, such as sports or foods
The fifth list is from a different category

81
Q

In proactive interference, the earlier lists interfered with the ability to

A

recall information on the later, similar lists

82
Q

Patients with frontal-lobe damage show

A

proactive interference but do not show release from interference

83
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Some individuals can remember large amounts of information for long periods of time

84
Q

Superior autobiographical memory

A

Individuals with highly superior autobiographical memory show almost complete recall for personal events in their lives, down to the weather on the day an event happened

85
Q

Superior autobiographical memory - These people have increased

A

gray matter in temporal and parietal lobes and larger fiber projections to the frontal lobe

86
Q

Finding the neural basis of memory is challenging because

A

memory changes over time

87
Q

For a study of short-term visual memory, fMRI showed activity in the

A

attentional, salience, visual, and default networks

88
Q

Therefore, most of the neocortex was involved in a single

A

short-term memory task

89
Q

System consolidation theory

A

Hippocampus consolidates new memories, which are then stored elsewhere in the cortex

90
Q

Multiple-trace theory

A

different aspects of the memory (autobiographical components, factual semantic components, etc.) are stored in different parts of the cortex simultaneously

91
Q

Reconsolidation theory

A

as memories are recalled, they are changed or edited before being reconsolidated in their new form

92
Q

Trace transformation theory

A

: memories are initially encoded in the posterior hippocampus, but move to the anterior hippocampus, then to the medial prefrontal cortex, losing detail with each transformation

93
Q

Associative inference enables us to

A

combine what we already know with novel information to interpret the current situation

94
Q

Memories may be reconstructed to focus on the

A

“gist,” or essence, of the memory, enabling us to remember and adapt to similar situations in the future

Psych 377 (10 decks)

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