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Psych 377 > Chapter 3 & 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ipsilateral

A

structures that are on the same side of the body

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2
Q

Contralateral

A

Structures on opposite sides of the body

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3
Q

Proximal

A

Structures that are close together – towards the midline

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4
Q

Distal

A

Structures that are far apart – towards the outside

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5
Q

Afferent

A

Movement toward the central nervous system – sensory neurons

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6
Q

Efferent

A

Movement away from the central nervous system – effect muscles – effectors

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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

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8
Q

protection of the CNS

A

bone, meninges

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

projects out of the body

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10
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

somatic NS, Peripheral NS

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11
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

provides interaction with the external world

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system division

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

branch influences fight-or-flight response

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14
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

exerts a calming influence on the body

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15
Q

Meninges (DAP)

A

Dura-matter, arachnoid matter, Pia matter

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16
Q

Dura matter

A

tough outer covering

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17
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

weblike structure that connects inner and outer layers

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18
Q

pia matter

A

tough inner layer that adheres to the surface of the brain

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19
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

fills the spaces in and around the meninges to absorb shocks and carry away waste

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20
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

provides chemical protection

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21
Q

how is the blood-brain barrier formed

A

Formed by astroglia holding the cells of the blood vessels tightly together

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22
Q

stroke

A

an interruption of that blood supply, either because the artery becomes blocked or because the artery bursts

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23
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex

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24
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

irrigates the lateral surface of the cortex

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25
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

irrigates its ventral and posterior surfaces

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26
Q

neurons and Glia (SPBS)

A

stem -> progenitor -> blast -> specialized

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27
Q

stem cell

A

self renewal

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28
Q

Progenitor

A

Progenitor produced

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29
Q

Blast

A

Neuroblast & glioblast produced

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30
Q

Specialized cells

A

interneuron, projecting neuron, oligodendroglia, astrocyte

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31
Q

3 basic types of neurons

A

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

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32
Q

sensory neurons

A

Transduce information from the environment

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33
Q

bipolar neuron - what type of neuron

A

sensory - cell body with one dendrite and one axon – found in the retina

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34
Q

Somatosensory neuron

A

sensory neuron has only one projection from the soma – from the sensory receptor to the spinal chord

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35
Q

something special about somatoscensory neruron

A

Dendrite and axon are connected speeding up information conduction as it does not have to pass through the cell body

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36
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

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37
Q

Motor neurons

A

Found in the brainstem and spinal cord

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38
Q

what is called the final common path?

A

motor neurons

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39
Q

3 types of interneurons

A

stellate cells, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells

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40
Q

2 types of somatosensory cells

A

bipolar neuron, somatosensory neuron

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41
Q

afferent neurons

A

bring information in

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42
Q

efferent neurons

A

send information out

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43
Q

Pyrimidal and Purkinje cells are the

A

output cells of their respective structures

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44
Q

5 type of glia

A

ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglia cell, oliodendroglial cell, scheann cell

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45
Q

Ependymal cell

A

small, ovoid; secreats cerebralspinal fluid, lines the brains ventricles

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46
Q

astrocyte

A

start shaped, nutritive and supportive function - connection with the blood brain barrier

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47
Q

microglia

A

small, defensive function

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48
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

asymetrical, forms insulating myelin around axons and brain and spinal chord

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49
Q

schwann cell

A

asymetrical, wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin

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50
Q

gray matter

A

contains the cell bodies and capillaries that supply them with blood

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51
Q

where is gray matter in the brain

A

outter part of the cortex

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52
Q

White matter

A

the myelinated axons that connect with other parts of the brain

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53
Q

where is white matter in the brain

A

underneath the cortex

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54
Q

reticular matter

A

has a netlike appearance that is a mix of gray and white matter - contains cell bodies and axons

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55
Q

where is reticular matter found ?

A

in the brains stem

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56
Q

nervous system develops from three enlargements

A

Prosencephalon, mesensephalon, rhombensephalon

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57
Q

Prosencephalon - front brain

A

devides to form telencephalon, diencephalon

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58
Q

prosencephalon is responcible for which sense?

A

olfaction

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59
Q

telencepahlon comes from and forms what

A

prosencephalon and is what forms the cortex

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60
Q

Diencephalon comes from what and forms what?

A

prosencephalon and forms the thalamus and hypothalamus

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61
Q

mesencepahlon - middle brain - is responcible for which senses

A

vison and hearing

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62
Q

mesencephalon becomes

A

the midbrain

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63
Q

Rhombencephalon - hind brain is responcible for which senses

A

movement and balance

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64
Q

spinal cord is concidered part of

A

the hindbrain

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65
Q

Rhombencephalon forms what subsections?

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

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66
Q

metencephalon come from what? and forms what?

A

Rhombencephalon, forms pons and medulla

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67
Q

Myelencephalon comes from what and forms what?

A

comes from the rhombencephalon and forms medulla oblongata

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68
Q

telencephalon - forebrain

A

neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral ventricles

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69
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle

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70
Q

mesencephalon

A

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct

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71
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum, pons, fourth ventricle

72
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle

73
Q

Diencephalon, mesencephalon, meyelencephalon create what

A

brainstem

74
Q

forebrain responcible for

A

high level cognition

75
Q

brainstem responcible for

A

regulatory function

76
Q

spinal cord responcible for

A

reflexive motor behavior

77
Q

lateral ventricles are contained in the

A

Telencephalon

78
Q

1st and 2nd ventricles from

A

form c shaped lakes underlying the cerebral cortex

79
Q

third ventricle

A

the midline of the brain

80
Q

fourth ventricle

A

between the cerebellum and brainstem

81
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

canal the runs down the length of the spinal cord connects the third and fourth ventricles

82
Q

CSF flow

A

from the lateral ventricles out through the fourth ventricle to drain into the circulatory system at the base of the brainstem

83
Q

spinal cord gray matter white matter

A

gray matter inside, white matter outside

84
Q

anterior root

A

efferent fibers - Nerve roots branch from the cord to carry motor commands to the body

85
Q

posterior root

A
  • afferent nerves conduct sensory information into central nervus system
86
Q

puppy experiment Cut dorsal (posterior in humans)

A

caused loss of sensation

87
Q

Cur ventral (anterior in humans)

A

caused loss of movement

88
Q

Bell Magendie law

A

dorsal/posterior root are sensory ventral or anterior root is for motor

89
Q

Pain and temperature fibers are

A

smaller

90
Q

Touch and muscle fibers are

A

larger

91
Q

Flexion reflexes

A

bring the limb inward toward the body

92
Q

Extension reflexes

A

stimulation of fine touch and muscle receptors extend the limb forward away from the body

93
Q

12 cranial nerves On old Olympus’s towering top, a fin and a German view some hops

A

Olfactory, optic, ocularmotor, troclear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibularchoclear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypogloseal

94
Q

olfactory nerve

A

sensory, sense of smell

95
Q

Optic nerve

A

sensory, vison

96
Q

Occularmotor nerve motor

A

movement of eyelids and eyeballs

97
Q

oculomotor nerve parasympathetic

A

pupil constriction

98
Q

trochlear nerve

A

motor, movement of eyeball

99
Q

trigeminal nerve - sensory

A

sensation of face, scalp, corneas, nasal, oral cavity

100
Q

trigeminal nerve motor

A

chewing

101
Q

abducens nerve

A

motor, movement of eyeball

102
Q

facial nerve - sensory

A

taste

103
Q

Facial nerve - motor

A

facial expression

104
Q

facial nerve - parasympathetic

A

secretion of tears and saliva

105
Q

vestibularchoclear nerve

A

sensory, hearing and balance

106
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve - motor

A

swallowing and speech

107
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory

A

taste and sensation on the back of tongue

108
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic

A

secretion of saliva

109
Q

Vagus nerve - sensory

A

taste and sensation of epiglottis, and pharynx

110
Q

Vagus nerve - motor

A

swallowing and speech

111
Q

Vagus nerve - parasympathetic

A

muscle contraction ot thorasic and abdominal organs and secretion of digestive fluids

112
Q

accessory nerve - motor

A

head and shoulder movement

113
Q

hypoglossal nerve - motor

A

movement of tongue and muscles

114
Q

hindbrain parts

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla,

115
Q

cerebellum

A

important for motor control and sensory integration

116
Q

pons

A

connects cerebellum with the rest of the brain

117
Q

medulla

A

regulates functions such as breathing and heart rate

118
Q

Reticular formation function is to control

A

sleeping and walking and to maintain general arousal or consciousness

119
Q

Tectum

A

roof of the third ventricle

120
Q

Tegmentum

A

floor of the third ventricle

121
Q

Tectum

A

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi

122
Q

superior colliculi

A

relay visual information

123
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

relay auditory information

124
Q

Tegmentum

A

substantia nigra, forebrain, red nucleus

125
Q

substantia nigra

A

connects to the forebrain primarily the basil ganglia important for movement, projections to the forebrain

126
Q

forebrain

A

reward and habits

127
Q

red nucleus

A

controls limb movement and coordination for walking

128
Q

diencephalon

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

129
Q

hypothalamus

A

Produces and releases many hormones that influence the entire body – endocrine

130
Q

Thalamus

A

relay center

131
Q

Epithalamus

A

pineal gland, habenula

132
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin

133
Q

habenula

A

regulates some aspects of hunger and thirst

134
Q

Magnocellular

A

info about movement

135
Q

Parvocellular

A

fine texture, grain, color information

136
Q

telencephalon

A

neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system

137
Q

basil ganglia

A

for motor control and motor learning

138
Q

Limbic system

A

is important for spatial and emotional functions

139
Q

Basil ganglia

A

Putamen, caudate nucleus, Globus pallidus

140
Q

3 main functions of the basil ganglia

A

Connect sensory regions of the cortex to motor regions of the cortex, Regulate movement so it is fluid, Are involved in associative learning

141
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

excessive movement – basil ganglia die

142
Q

Tourettes

A

loss or neurons

143
Q

Parkinson disease

A

loss of movement – loss of connections into and out of the basil ganglia especially the substania niagra of the midbrain

144
Q

reptilian brain

A

limbic system

145
Q

limbic system structures

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

146
Q

amygdala - base of temporal lobe

A

Important in emotion and understanding emotion in others

147
Q

Hippocampus anterior medial region of the temporal lobe

A

Important in personal memories and navigation

148
Q

Cingulate cortex just above the corpus collosum along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Involved in decision making and executive functions – sexual behavior

149
Q

neocortex divided into 2 hemispheres by

A

longitudinal fissure

150
Q

four lobes of the neocortex

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

151
Q

frontal anatomy

A

bounded posteriorly by the central sulcus inferiorly by the lateral fissure medially by the cingulate sulcus

152
Q

parietal lobe anatomy

A

anterior boundary of the parietal lobe, inferior boundary is the lateral fissure

153
Q

temporal lobe anatomy

A

bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure

154
Q

Occipital lobe anatomy

A

on the lateral surface of the brain no definite boundaries separate the occipital lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes

155
Q

cleft is called a fissure

A

deep enough into the brain to indent the ventricles

156
Q

sulci

A

shallow ridge

157
Q

Cingulate gyri

A

spans the inner surface of all four neocortical lobes

158
Q

Cells in a functional area that have many connections fold toward eachother producing

A

gyrus bordered by sulci

159
Q

Primary areas of a cortex

A

receive projections directly from sensory systems or project directly to muscles

160
Q

Secondary areas of a cortex

A

located near primary areas and do more elaborate processing of the information

161
Q

Tertiary areas of a cortex

A

integrate information across senses to coordinate cognitive functions and behaviors

162
Q

Reentrant

A

each region sends projections back to regions from which it receives connections

163
Q

cellular organization of the cortex

A

organized into six layers, with layer I on the outer surface and layer VI adjacent to the white matter

164
Q

Outer layers (I, II, III)

A

receive input from other cortical areas

165
Q

Layer IV

A

primarily receives input from sensory systems

166
Q

Layers V and VI

A

send output to other brain areas or to the spinal cord for motor control via axons

167
Q

Columnar Organization of the Neocortex

A

Columns differ in the types of cells they contain and the thickness of the layers

168
Q

Cortical connections

A

Long-range connections between cortical areas enable the coordination of high-level behaviors.

169
Q

4 types of projections

A

Long connections, Relatively short connections, Interhemispheric connections, Connections through the thalamus

170
Q

Long connections

A

between different lobes

171
Q

Relatively short connections

A

from one part of a lobe to another

172
Q

Interhemispheric connections

A

between the two hemisphere

173
Q

thalamic connections

A

Connections through the thalamus

174
Q

crossed brain

A

Each hemisphere of the brain typically receives input from and sends output to the contralateral side of the body

175
Q

Decussations

A

crossings of sensory and motor fibers along the midline of the nervous system

Psych 377 (10 decks)

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