Chapter 3 & 7 Flashcards
Ipsilateral
structures that are on the same side of the body
Contralateral
Structures on opposite sides of the body
Proximal
Structures that are close together – towards the midline
Distal
Structures that are far apart – towards the outside
Afferent
Movement toward the central nervous system – sensory neurons
Efferent
Movement away from the central nervous system – effect muscles – effectors
Central nervous system
brain and spinal chord
protection of the CNS
bone, meninges
Peripheral nervous system
projects out of the body
divisions of the PNS
somatic NS, Peripheral NS
Somatic nervous system
provides interaction with the external world
Autonomic nervous system division
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system
branch influences fight-or-flight response
Parasympathetic branch
exerts a calming influence on the body
Meninges (DAP)
Dura-matter, arachnoid matter, Pia matter
Dura matter
tough outer covering
Arachnoid matter
weblike structure that connects inner and outer layers
pia matter
tough inner layer that adheres to the surface of the brain
cerebral spinal fluid
fills the spaces in and around the meninges to absorb shocks and carry away waste
blood-brain barrier
provides chemical protection
how is the blood-brain barrier formed
Formed by astroglia holding the cells of the blood vessels tightly together
stroke
an interruption of that blood supply, either because the artery becomes blocked or because the artery bursts
anterior cerebral artery
irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex
middle cerebral artery
irrigates the lateral surface of the cortex
Posterior cerebral artery
irrigates its ventral and posterior surfaces
neurons and Glia (SPBS)
stem -> progenitor -> blast -> specialized
stem cell
self renewal
Progenitor
Progenitor produced
Blast
Neuroblast & glioblast produced
Specialized cells
interneuron, projecting neuron, oligodendroglia, astrocyte
3 basic types of neurons
sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
sensory neurons
Transduce information from the environment
bipolar neuron - what type of neuron
sensory - cell body with one dendrite and one axon – found in the retina
Somatosensory neuron
sensory neuron has only one projection from the soma – from the sensory receptor to the spinal chord
something special about somatoscensory neruron
Dendrite and axon are connected speeding up information conduction as it does not have to pass through the cell body
Interneurons
Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS
Motor neurons
Found in the brainstem and spinal cord
what is called the final common path?
motor neurons
3 types of interneurons
stellate cells, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells
2 types of somatosensory cells
bipolar neuron, somatosensory neuron
afferent neurons
bring information in
efferent neurons
send information out
Pyrimidal and Purkinje cells are the
output cells of their respective structures
5 type of glia
ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglia cell, oliodendroglial cell, scheann cell
Ependymal cell
small, ovoid; secreats cerebralspinal fluid, lines the brains ventricles
astrocyte
start shaped, nutritive and supportive function - connection with the blood brain barrier
microglia
small, defensive function
oligodendroglial cell
asymetrical, forms insulating myelin around axons and brain and spinal chord
schwann cell
asymetrical, wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin
gray matter
contains the cell bodies and capillaries that supply them with blood
where is gray matter in the brain
outter part of the cortex
White matter
the myelinated axons that connect with other parts of the brain
where is white matter in the brain
underneath the cortex
reticular matter
has a netlike appearance that is a mix of gray and white matter - contains cell bodies and axons
where is reticular matter found ?
in the brains stem
nervous system develops from three enlargements
Prosencephalon, mesensephalon, rhombensephalon
Prosencephalon - front brain
devides to form telencephalon, diencephalon
prosencephalon is responcible for which sense?
olfaction
telencepahlon comes from and forms what
prosencephalon and is what forms the cortex
Diencephalon comes from what and forms what?
prosencephalon and forms the thalamus and hypothalamus
mesencepahlon - middle brain - is responcible for which senses
vison and hearing
mesencephalon becomes
the midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hind brain is responcible for which senses
movement and balance
spinal cord is concidered part of
the hindbrain
Rhombencephalon forms what subsections?
metencephalon, myelencephalon
metencephalon come from what? and forms what?
Rhombencephalon, forms pons and medulla
Myelencephalon comes from what and forms what?
comes from the rhombencephalon and forms medulla oblongata
telencephalon - forebrain
neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral ventricles
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle
mesencephalon
tectum, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct
metencephalon
cerebellum, pons, fourth ventricle
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle
Diencephalon, mesencephalon, meyelencephalon create what
brainstem
forebrain responcible for
high level cognition
brainstem responcible for
regulatory function
spinal cord responcible for
reflexive motor behavior
lateral ventricles are contained in the
Telencephalon
1st and 2nd ventricles from
form c shaped lakes underlying the cerebral cortex
third ventricle
the midline of the brain
fourth ventricle
between the cerebellum and brainstem
cerebral aqueduct
canal the runs down the length of the spinal cord connects the third and fourth ventricles
CSF flow
from the lateral ventricles out through the fourth ventricle to drain into the circulatory system at the base of the brainstem
spinal cord gray matter white matter
gray matter inside, white matter outside
anterior root
efferent fibers - Nerve roots branch from the cord to carry motor commands to the body
posterior root
- afferent nerves conduct sensory information into central nervus system
puppy experiment Cut dorsal (posterior in humans)
caused loss of sensation
Cur ventral (anterior in humans)
caused loss of movement
Bell Magendie law
dorsal/posterior root are sensory ventral or anterior root is for motor
Pain and temperature fibers are
smaller
Touch and muscle fibers are
larger
Flexion reflexes
bring the limb inward toward the body
Extension reflexes
stimulation of fine touch and muscle receptors extend the limb forward away from the body
12 cranial nerves On old Olympus’s towering top, a fin and a German view some hops
Olfactory, optic, ocularmotor, troclear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibularchoclear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypogloseal
olfactory nerve
sensory, sense of smell
Optic nerve
sensory, vison
Occularmotor nerve motor
movement of eyelids and eyeballs
oculomotor nerve parasympathetic
pupil constriction
trochlear nerve
motor, movement of eyeball
trigeminal nerve - sensory
sensation of face, scalp, corneas, nasal, oral cavity
trigeminal nerve motor
chewing
abducens nerve
motor, movement of eyeball
facial nerve - sensory
taste
Facial nerve - motor
facial expression
facial nerve - parasympathetic
secretion of tears and saliva
vestibularchoclear nerve
sensory, hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal nerve - motor
swallowing and speech
glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory
taste and sensation on the back of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic
secretion of saliva
Vagus nerve - sensory
taste and sensation of epiglottis, and pharynx
Vagus nerve - motor
swallowing and speech
Vagus nerve - parasympathetic
muscle contraction ot thorasic and abdominal organs and secretion of digestive fluids
accessory nerve - motor
head and shoulder movement
hypoglossal nerve - motor
movement of tongue and muscles
hindbrain parts
cerebellum, pons, medulla,
cerebellum
important for motor control and sensory integration
pons
connects cerebellum with the rest of the brain
medulla
regulates functions such as breathing and heart rate
Reticular formation function is to control
sleeping and walking and to maintain general arousal or consciousness
Tectum
roof of the third ventricle
Tegmentum
floor of the third ventricle
Tectum
superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
superior colliculi
relay visual information
Inferior colliculi
relay auditory information
Tegmentum
substantia nigra, forebrain, red nucleus
substantia nigra
connects to the forebrain primarily the basil ganglia important for movement, projections to the forebrain
forebrain
reward and habits
red nucleus
controls limb movement and coordination for walking
diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
hypothalamus
Produces and releases many hormones that influence the entire body – endocrine
Thalamus
relay center
Epithalamus
pineal gland, habenula
pineal gland
melatonin
habenula
regulates some aspects of hunger and thirst
Magnocellular
info about movement
Parvocellular
fine texture, grain, color information
telencephalon
neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system
basil ganglia
for motor control and motor learning
Limbic system
is important for spatial and emotional functions
Basil ganglia
Putamen, caudate nucleus, Globus pallidus
3 main functions of the basil ganglia
Connect sensory regions of the cortex to motor regions of the cortex, Regulate movement so it is fluid, Are involved in associative learning
Huntingtons disease
excessive movement – basil ganglia die
Tourettes
loss or neurons
Parkinson disease
loss of movement – loss of connections into and out of the basil ganglia especially the substania niagra of the midbrain
reptilian brain
limbic system
limbic system structures
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
amygdala - base of temporal lobe
Important in emotion and understanding emotion in others
Hippocampus anterior medial region of the temporal lobe
Important in personal memories and navigation
Cingulate cortex just above the corpus collosum along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres
Involved in decision making and executive functions – sexual behavior
neocortex divided into 2 hemispheres by
longitudinal fissure
four lobes of the neocortex
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
frontal anatomy
bounded posteriorly by the central sulcus inferiorly by the lateral fissure medially by the cingulate sulcus
parietal lobe anatomy
anterior boundary of the parietal lobe, inferior boundary is the lateral fissure
temporal lobe anatomy
bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure
Occipital lobe anatomy
on the lateral surface of the brain no definite boundaries separate the occipital lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes
cleft is called a fissure
deep enough into the brain to indent the ventricles
sulci
shallow ridge
Cingulate gyri
spans the inner surface of all four neocortical lobes
Cells in a functional area that have many connections fold toward eachother producing
gyrus bordered by sulci
Primary areas of a cortex
receive projections directly from sensory systems or project directly to muscles
Secondary areas of a cortex
located near primary areas and do more elaborate processing of the information
Tertiary areas of a cortex
integrate information across senses to coordinate cognitive functions and behaviors
Reentrant
each region sends projections back to regions from which it receives connections
cellular organization of the cortex
organized into six layers, with layer I on the outer surface and layer VI adjacent to the white matter
Outer layers (I, II, III)
receive input from other cortical areas
Layer IV
primarily receives input from sensory systems
Layers V and VI
send output to other brain areas or to the spinal cord for motor control via axons
Columnar Organization of the Neocortex
Columns differ in the types of cells they contain and the thickness of the layers
Cortical connections
Long-range connections between cortical areas enable the coordination of high-level behaviors.
4 types of projections
Long connections, Relatively short connections, Interhemispheric connections, Connections through the thalamus
Long connections
between different lobes
Relatively short connections
from one part of a lobe to another
Interhemispheric connections
between the two hemisphere
thalamic connections
Connections through the thalamus
crossed brain
Each hemisphere of the brain typically receives input from and sends output to the contralateral side of the body
Decussations
crossings of sensory and motor fibers along the midline of the nervous system
