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Psych 377 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebral Asymmetry

A

MRI studies of living brains find consistent anatomical differences between left and right hemispheres

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2
Q

Planum temporale on the superior temporal gyrus is larger

A

in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere in the majority of individuals

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3
Q

Right hemisphere is

A

larger and heavier than left hemisphere

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4
Q

Anatomical differences between the left and right temporal lobes may be related to their

A

relative differences in language and music abilities, respectively.

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5
Q

Anatomical differences in the thalamus are related to

A

anatomical differences in the temporal lobe, with the left thalamus specialized for language.

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6
Q

The slope of the lateral fissure

A

more angled on the right side

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7
Q

The frontal operculum (Broca’s area) is organized differently

A

in the left and right hemispheres

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8
Q

There are asymmetries in the

A

distribution of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

The right

A

hemisphere extends farther anteriorly, and the left hemisphere extends farther posteriorly

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10
Q

Neuronal Asymmetry

A

Neurons in different parts of the lobe have different patterns of dendritic branching

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11
Q

Genetic Asymmetry

A

Some genes are expressed differently in the two hemispheres, with such differences being observed as early as 5 weeks postconception

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12
Q

motor control, sensation

A

are symmetrical

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13
Q

language

A

asymmetrical

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14
Q

perceptual functioning is increased in areas of the

A

Right hemisphere

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15
Q

Stimulation of the left frontal or temporal lobes facilitated

A

speech production

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16
Q

Stimulation can

A

block functions when the subject is using that brain region to perform a task

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17
Q

The double dissociation is an

A

experimental technique used to show that a particular function is associated with a particular brain region

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18
Q

Left temporal lobectomy significant decrease in

A

Memory quotient and verbal recall

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19
Q

Right temporal lobectomy significant decrease in

A

Performance IQ, nonverbal recall, drawing: copy recall

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20
Q

Epilepsy results from

A

overexcitation of neurons, which can begin in one hemisphere and spread to the other over the corpus callosum

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21
Q

Commissurotomy

A

cuts the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to prevent the spread of the seizure activity

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22
Q

Information presented in the left visual field goes to

A

to the right hemisphere

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23
Q

Information presented to the right visual field goes to the

A

left hemisphere

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24
Q

Brief presentation in just the left or right visual field presents the information to

A

a single hemisphere, and, because of the surgery, that information cannot be shared with the other hemisphere

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25
Q

when something is presented only in the left visual field what happens?

A

visual input is transferred from left visual field to the right visual cortex via corpus collosum, and then via corpus collosum to the left hemisphere

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26
Q

Split-Brain Patients

A

If information is presented to the left hemisphere (right visual field), the patient can name and describe it, If information is presented to the right hemisphere, they verbally report seeing nothing, but they can identify the object with their left hand

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27
Q

Split-Brain Phenomenon

A

when the left hemisphere which can speak sees the spoon in the right visual field the subject responds correctly. When the right hemisphere which cannot speak sees the spoon in the left visual field the subject does not respond

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28
Q

Facial recognition in split brain patients

A

faces that were chosen were presented in the left visual field

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29
Q

For most people who are right-handed, language is localized to

A

the left hemisphere

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30
Q

Before brain surgery, it is important to confirm which hemisphere

A

is the language hemisphere

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31
Q

Injecting sodium amobarbital into the carotid artery will briefly anesthetize the

A

the ipsilateral hemisphere, and clinicians can check for impairments of speech and language along with other cognitive functions

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32
Q

Language is processed better by the

A

left hemisphere

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33
Q

Faces and visuospatial information are processed better by the

A

right hemisphere

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34
Q

The predominant and fastest input to the auditory cortex comes from the

A

contralateral ear

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35
Q

Language stimuli presented to the

A

right ear are more memorable than those presented to the left ear

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36
Q

Melodies presented to the

A

left ear are more memorable than those presented to the right ear

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37
Q

right ear advantages

A

“working ear” Digits, words, nonsense syllables, format transitions, backward speech, Morse code, difficult rhythms, tone used in linguistics, decisions, tonal sequence with frequency transition, ordering temporal information, movement related tonal signals

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38
Q

left ear advantages

A

Artsy ear - melodies, musical chords, environmental sounds, emotional sounds and hummed melodies, tones processed independently of linguistic context, complex pitch perception

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39
Q

no ear advantages

A

vowels, isolated frictives, rhythms, nonmelodic hums

40
Q

Somatosensory input is almost completely

A

crossed, so the left hand projects to the right hemisphere

41
Q

Research has found a left-hand advantage to

A

reading Braille, supporting the specialization of the right hemisphere to recognize and process patterns

42
Q

When recognizing objects that were previously touched while blindfolded, there was a

A

right-hand advantage for recognizing letters and a left-hand advantage for recognizing other shapes

43
Q

Damage to left-hemisphere motor regions results in

A

apraxia, which is the loss of skilled fine movements

44
Q

The different sensory inputs to the two hemispheres could confound the

A

interpretation of differences in the motor system

45
Q

Emotions are displayed more strongly on the

A

left side of the face, relating the right-hemisphere specialization for emotions

46
Q

Observations of mouth movements suggest that such movements start on the

A

right side, suggesting control by the left hemisphere

47
Q

Studies that quantified movements while subjects manipulated blocks suggest that the two hemispheres play a

A

complementary role in controlling movements based on native hand preference

48
Q

When pianists performed tasks that required them to play different pieces of music with each hand, other behaviors interfered with task performance
speaking and humming

A

Speaking disrupted playing with the right hand
Humming disrupted playing with the left hand

49
Q

What Do Laterality Studies Tell Us

A

Many of these studies are indirect measures of brain function, Many researchers encourage skepticism when looking at the field of laterality research

50
Q

PET and fMRI studies reveal a

A

left-hemisphere lateralization for language tasks

51
Q

Changes in blood flow velocity also support the

A

the left-hemisphere lateralization of language

52
Q

speaking activates the mouth tongue and larynx representations in the

A

motor and somatosensory cortices, the supplementary cortices, the supplementary motor area, the auditory cortex, and the left hemisphere language zones

53
Q

during speech the mouth area and

A

auditory cortex in the right hemisphere are active but less active then the in the left hemisphere

54
Q

left auditory cortex

A

Spoken words

55
Q

Laterality

A

the idea that the two cerebral hemispheres have separate functions, leads to the notion that two different minds control our behavior

56
Q

Five variables complicate research on laterality

A

Laterality is relative, not absolute, Cerebral site is at least as important in understanding brain function as cerebral side, Environmental and genetic factors affect laterality, A range of animals exhibit laterality, We act as though there is a single mind

57
Q

Laterality is relative, not absolute

A

Both hemispheres participate in nearly every behavior

58
Q

Cerebral site is at least

A

as important in understanding brain function as cerebral side

59
Q

Environmental and genetic factors affect laterality

A

The cerebral organization of some left-handers and females appears to be less asymmetrical than that of right-handers and males.

60
Q

A range of animals exhibit laterality.

A

we know that certain songbirds, rats, cats, monkeys, and apes also have functionally and anatomically asymmetrical brains

61
Q

We act as though there is a single mind

A

Although the two hemispheres are specialized for different aspects of our mental life, we normally act as though there is a single cognitive processor

62
Q

Applying an electrical current to the cortex of a conscious patient has four general effects — three excitatory and one inhibitory

A

The brain has symmetrical as well as asymmetrical functions, The right hemisphere has perceptual functions not shared by the left hemisphere, Stimulating the left frontal or temporal region may accelerate speech production, Stimulation blocks function

63
Q

Stimulation blocks function

A

This sole inhibitory effect is apparent only when current is applied to left hemisphere temporofrontal areas while a patient is actively engaged in complex functions such as language and memory

64
Q

The right hemisphere has perceptual functions not shared by the left hemisphere

A

Stimulation can produce what Penfield called “interpretive” and “experiential” responses. That is, patients report specific “memories” in response to specific stimulation

65
Q

One of the most extreme specialization theories suggests that the

A

left hemisphere is specialized for fine motor control, and speech requires very detailed motor control, Therefore, speech is localized to the left hemisphere because of the need for motor control

66
Q

Another theory suggests that the left hemisphere is organized with

A

many focal centers, while the right hemisphere is more diffusely organized

67
Q

Other variants suggest the left hemisphere is very good at rapid

A

temporal processing, which is integral to language

68
Q

Interaction theories suggest that

A

one hemisphere may be better at a task, but the two cooperate in performing the task

69
Q

Two hemispheres both work on different parts of processing

A

at the same time

70
Q

Both hemispheres may have the ability to perform the task, but

A

one inhibits or suppresses the activity of the other

71
Q

One hemisphere receives information preferentially or pays attention to the information preferentially and therefore

A

therefore performs a specific type of analysis of that information

72
Q

Preferred Cognitive Mode

A

Individual differences will cause people to use one type of thought process instead of another

73
Q

Cognitive set, or the biases in how individuals approach problems, can influence

A

the results of tests of lateralization

74
Q

Measuring Behavior in Neuropsychology

A

Measurements of one process often contain inferences about the underlying processes

75
Q

in frogs and salamanders

A

Vocalization is left lateralized

76
Q

Bees show lateralization in learning

A

odors associated with reward and in remembering the associations

77
Q

Many birds have a left-hemisphere specialization for the production of their

A

songs, but this is not the case in all birds

78
Q

Chimpanzees have asymmetries in the homologues of

A

Broca’s area and the planum temporale that mimic those observed in humans

79
Q

In primates, some research suggests that the right hemisphere is specialized for ____ and the left hemisphere

A

rapid unimanual movements, the left hemisphere is specialized for whole-body movements

80
Q

Visual system left hemisphere

A

Letters, words

81
Q

Visual system right hemisphere

A

Complex geometric patterns
Faces

82
Q

Auditory system LH

A

Language-related
sound

83
Q

Auditory system RH

A

Nonlanguage environmental sounds
Music

84
Q

Somatosensory LH

A

blank

85
Q

Somatosensory RH

A

Tactile recognition of complex
system patterns
Braille

86
Q

Movement LH

A

Complex voluntary
movement

87
Q

Movement RH

A

Movements in spatial patterns

88
Q

Memory LH

A

Verbal memory

89
Q

Memory RH

A

Nonverbal memory

90
Q

Language Left hemisphere

A

Speech
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic

91
Q

Language RH

A

Prosody

92
Q

Prosody

A

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.

93
Q

Spatial processes LH

A

blank

94
Q

Spatial processing RH

A

Geometry
Sense of direction
Mental rotation of shapes

95
Q

Preferred cognitive model

A

the use of one type of thought process in preference to another

96
Q

Destruction of the left frontoparietal region at birth produced this growth asymmetry in the

A

Right foot

Psych 377 (10 decks)

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