Chapter 9-10 Flashcards
A-B-C- Model
Theory that individuals’ problems stem not from activating events but from their beliefs about such events.
Catastrophizing
Exaggerating the potential or real consequences of an event and becoming fearful of the consequences.
Discomfort Anxiety
When individuals’ comfort level is threatened and they feel they must get what they want (low frustration tolerance). There is a belief that if individuals don’t get or do what they want, the results will be awful or catastrophic.
Ego Anxiety
Individuals’ sense of self-worth is threatened and they feel that they must perform well. There is a belief that if individuals don’t get or do what they want, the results will be awful or catastrophic.
Hedonism
Philosophical term referring to the concept of seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
Responsible Hedonism
Maintaining pleasure over the long term by avoiding short-term pleasures that may lead to pain, such as alcohol or cocaine.
Irrational Belief
Unreasonable views or convictions that produce emotional and behavioral problems.
Low Frustration Tolerance
Inability or difficulty in dealing with events or situations that do not go as planned.
Rationality
Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain their goals.
Shame-Attacking Exercises
Strategy to encourage people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish. This way individuals can learn that they can function well, even though they may be seen as doing something silly or foolish.
Socratic Dialogue (Guided Discovery)
Series of questions designed to help the client arrive at logical answers to and conclusions about a certain hypothesis.
Unconditional Self-Acceptance
Individuals have worth.They should accept that they make mistakes and that some of their assets and qualities are stronger than others.
All or None Thinking
Black and white thinking, an either-or approach to life.
Mind Reading
Inferring what other’s think, feel, or imagine.
Over-Generalization
Generalizing from a single event to an all-encompassing pattern.
Discounting
Rejecting positive experiences; common among perfectionists.
Magnification
Exaggerating the importance of problem/shortcoming.
Emotional Reasoning
Assuming that negative emotions reflect the way things necessarily are.
Self-Blame
Taking personal responsibility for things outside of your control.
Cognitive Disputation
Use persuasion and direct questioning.
Imaginal Disputation
Client imagines themselves in a situation that they fear.
Behavioral Disputation
Client alters their beliefs by behaving differently.
Countering
Clients argue against irrational belief by assertively stating their previously determined counter-argument.
Rational Self-Analysis
Client uses ABC model to dispute their own irrational beliefs.
Action Homework
Clients are encouraged to engage in behaviors that they may fear.
Active Schemas
Cognitive schemas occurring in everyday events.
Affective Shift
A shift in facial or bodily expressions of emotion or stress that indicates that a cognitive shift has just taken place, often a negative cognitive shift.
Assertiveness Training
To teach clients to effectively express positive and negative feelings to others so that they may achieve desired purposes.
Automatic Thoughts
Notions or ideas that occur without effort or choice, are usually distorted, and lead to emotional responses.
Challenging Absolutes
Statements that include words such as “everyone” or “never” are usually exaggerations, which therapists point out to the client.
Cognitive Distortions
Systematic errors in reasoning, often stemming from early childhood errors in reasoning; an indication or inaccurate or ineffective information processing.
Cognitive Rehearsal
Means of using imagination to think about having a positive interaction or experience.
Cognitive Schemas
Ways of thinking that comprise a set of core beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates.
Cognitive Shift
Biased interpretation of life experiences, causing individuals to shift their focus from unbiased to more biased information about themselves or their world.
Cognitive Triad
The negative views that individuals have about themselves, their world, and their future.
Decatastrophizing
A “what if” technique, in which clients are asked, what if x happened, what would you do? It is designed to explore actual rather than feared events.
Early Maladaptive Schemas
Longstanding schemas that individuals assume to be true about themselves and their world. These are resistant to change and cause difficulties in individuals’ lives.
Hot Cognition
A strong or highly charged thought or idea that produces powerful emotional reactions.
Inactive Schemas
There are cognitive schemas that are triggered by special or unusual events.
Minimization
Making a positive event much less important than it really is.
Negative Cognitive Shift
A state in which individuals ignore positive information relevant to themselves and focus on negative information about themselves.
Negative Prediction
Believing that something bad is going to happen, even though there is no evidence to support this prediction.
Personalization
Cognitive distortion in which an individual takes an event and related it to themselves when there is no relationship.
Reattribution
Helping clients distribute responsibility for an event so as to place equal responsibility for the event.
Scaling
Technique of turning a dichotomy into a continuum, so that individuals do not see things as all or nothing.
Selective Abstraction
Selecting one idea or fact from an event while ignoring other facts in order to support negative thinking.
Self-Monitoring
A method of assessing thoughts, emotions, or behaviors outside therapy in which clients are asked to keep records or events, feelings, and/or thoughts.
Thought Sampling
A means of obtaining samples of thoughts outside therapy by asking the client to record thoughts on tape or in a notebook at different intervals.
Treatment Manuals
Written guidelines for therapists on how to treat patients with a particular disorder.
Disconnection or Rejection
Refer to an individual’s belief that needs for security, caring, acceptance, and empathy may not be met in a predictable way.
Impaired Autonomy and Performance
Schemas that suggest individuals can not handle their responsibilities well and that they have failed and will continue to do so.
Impaired Limits
Refer to schemas concerning difficulty in respecting the rights of others, in being cooperative, and in restraining one’s own behavior.
Other Directedness
Deals with putting the needs of others before one’s own needs in order to be loved.
Overvigilance and Inhibition
Beliefs that one must suppress feelings and choices or meet high expectations of performance.
