Chapter 9-10

Question 1

A-B-C- Model

Answer 1

Theory that individuals’ problems stem not from activating events but from their beliefs about such events.

Question 2

Catastrophizing

Answer 2

Exaggerating the potential or real consequences of an event and becoming fearful of the consequences.

Question 3

Discomfort Anxiety

Answer 3

When individuals’ comfort level is threatened and they feel they must get what they want (low frustration tolerance). There is a belief that if individuals don’t get or do what they want, the results will be awful or catastrophic.

Question 4

Ego Anxiety

Answer 4

Individuals’ sense of self-worth is threatened and they feel that they must perform well. There is a belief that if individuals don’t get or do what they want, the results will be awful or catastrophic.

Question 5

Hedonism

Answer 5

Philosophical term referring to the concept of seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

Question 6

Responsible Hedonism

Answer 6

Maintaining pleasure over the long term by avoiding short-term pleasures that may lead to pain, such as alcohol or cocaine.

Question 7

Irrational Belief

Answer 7

Unreasonable views or convictions that produce emotional and behavioral problems.

Question 8

Low Frustration Tolerance

Answer 8

Inability or difficulty in dealing with events or situations that do not go as planned.

Question 9

Rationality

Answer 9

Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain their goals.

Question 10

Shame-Attacking Exercises

Answer 10

Strategy to encourage people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish. This way individuals can learn that they can function well, even though they may be seen as doing something silly or foolish.

Question 11

Socratic Dialogue (Guided Discovery)

Answer 11

Series of questions designed to help the client arrive at logical answers to and conclusions about a certain hypothesis.

Question 12

Unconditional Self-Acceptance

Answer 12

Individuals have worth.They should accept that they make mistakes and that some of their assets and qualities are stronger than others.

Question 13

All or None Thinking

Answer 13

Black and white thinking, an either-or approach to life.

Question 14

Mind Reading

Answer 14

Inferring what other’s think, feel, or imagine.

Question 15

Over-Generalization

Answer 15

Generalizing from a single event to an all-encompassing pattern.

Question 16

Discounting

Answer 16

Rejecting positive experiences; common among perfectionists.

Question 17

Magnification

Answer 17

Exaggerating the importance of problem/shortcoming.

Question 18

Emotional Reasoning

Answer 18

Assuming that negative emotions reflect the way things necessarily are.

Question 19

Self-Blame

Answer 19

Taking personal responsibility for things outside of your control.

Question 20

Cognitive Disputation

Answer 20

Use persuasion and direct questioning.

Question 21

Imaginal Disputation

Answer 21

Client imagines themselves in a situation that they fear.

Question 22

Behavioral Disputation

Answer 22

Client alters their beliefs by behaving differently.

Question 23

Countering

Answer 23

Clients argue against irrational belief by assertively stating their previously determined counter-argument.

Question 24

Rational Self-Analysis

Answer 24

Client uses ABC model to dispute their own irrational beliefs.

Question 25

Action Homework

Answer 25

Clients are encouraged to engage in behaviors that they may fear.

Question 26

Active Schemas

Answer 26

Cognitive schemas occurring in everyday events.

Question 27

Affective Shift

Answer 27

A shift in facial or bodily expressions of emotion or stress that indicates that a cognitive shift has just taken place, often a negative cognitive shift.

Question 28

Assertiveness Training

Answer 28

To teach clients to effectively express positive and negative feelings to others so that they may achieve desired purposes.

Question 29

Automatic Thoughts

Answer 29

Notions or ideas that occur without effort or choice, are usually distorted, and lead to emotional responses.

Question 30

Challenging Absolutes

Answer 30

Statements that include words such as “everyone” or “never” are usually exaggerations, which therapists point out to the client.

Question 31

Cognitive Distortions

Answer 31

Systematic errors in reasoning, often stemming from early childhood errors in reasoning; an indication or inaccurate or ineffective information processing.

Question 32

Cognitive Rehearsal

Answer 32

Means of using imagination to think about having a positive interaction or experience.

Question 33

Cognitive Schemas

Answer 33

Ways of thinking that comprise a set of core beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates.

Question 34

Cognitive Shift

Answer 34

Biased interpretation of life experiences, causing individuals to shift their focus from unbiased to more biased information about themselves or their world.

Question 35

Cognitive Triad

Answer 35

The negative views that individuals have about themselves, their world, and their future.

Question 36

Decatastrophizing

Answer 36

A “what if” technique, in which clients are asked, what if x happened, what would you do? It is designed to explore actual rather than feared events.

Question 37

Early Maladaptive Schemas

Answer 37

Longstanding schemas that individuals assume to be true about themselves and their world. These are resistant to change and cause difficulties in individuals’ lives.

Question 38

Hot Cognition

Answer 38

A strong or highly charged thought or idea that produces powerful emotional reactions.

Question 39

Inactive Schemas

Answer 39

There are cognitive schemas that are triggered by special or unusual events.

Question 40

Minimization

Answer 40

Making a positive event much less important than it really is.

Question 41

Negative Cognitive Shift

Answer 41

A state in which individuals ignore positive information relevant to themselves and focus on negative information about themselves.

Question 42

Negative Prediction

Answer 42

Believing that something bad is going to happen, even though there is no evidence to support this prediction.

Question 43

Personalization

Answer 43

Cognitive distortion in which an individual takes an event and related it to themselves when there is no relationship.

Question 44

Reattribution

Answer 44

Helping clients distribute responsibility for an event so as to place equal responsibility for the event.

Question 45

Scaling

Answer 45

Technique of turning a dichotomy into a continuum, so that individuals do not see things as all or nothing.

Question 46

Selective Abstraction

Answer 46

Selecting one idea or fact from an event while ignoring other facts in order to support negative thinking.

Question 47

Self-Monitoring

Answer 47

A method of assessing thoughts, emotions, or behaviors outside therapy in which clients are asked to keep records or events, feelings, and/or thoughts.

Question 48

Thought Sampling

Answer 48

A means of obtaining samples of thoughts outside therapy by asking the client to record thoughts on tape or in a notebook at different intervals.

Question 49

Treatment Manuals

Answer 49

Written guidelines for therapists on how to treat patients with a particular disorder.

Question 50

Disconnection or Rejection

Answer 50

Refer to an individual’s belief that needs for security, caring, acceptance, and empathy may not be met in a predictable way.

Question 51

Impaired Autonomy and Performance

Answer 51

Schemas that suggest individuals can not handle their responsibilities well and that they have failed and will continue to do so.

Question 52

Impaired Limits

Answer 52

Refer to schemas concerning difficulty in respecting the rights of others, in being cooperative, and in restraining one’s own behavior.

Question 53

Other Directedness

Answer 53

Deals with putting the needs of others before one’s own needs in order to be loved.

Question 54

Overvigilance and Inhibition

Answer 54

Beliefs that one must suppress feelings and choices or meet high expectations of performance.