Chapter 1

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

A group of logically organized laws or relationships that constitute explanation in a discipline.

Question 2

Operational Definitions

Answer 2

Empirical definition that seeks to specify procedures that are used to measure a variable or to distinguish it from others.

Question 3

Anorexia

Answer 3

A disorder in which individuals are unable to eat food, may have a severe decrease in appetite, and have an intense fear of becoming obese even when emaciated.

Question 4

Body Psychotherapy (Body)

Answer 4

A means of integrating psychotherapy and attention to and manipulation of bodily processes.

Question 5

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 5

Characteristics include unstable interpersonal relationships and rapid mood changes over a short period of time.

Question 6

Bulimia

Answer 6

Binge eating and inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain, such as vomiting and laxatives.

Question 7

Compulsions

Answer 7

An irresistible impulse to repeat behaviors continually.

Question 8

Constructivism

Answer 8

Believing that individuals create their own views or constructs of events or relationships in their own lives.

Question 9

Conversion Reaction

Answer 9

A disorder in which a psychological disturbance takes a physical form, such as when the arms or legs are paralyzed, and there is no physiological explanation.

Question 10

Depression

Answer 10

An emotional state characterized by deep sadness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and withdrawal from others.

Question 11

Ego (Freud)

Answer 11

A means of mediating between one’s instincts or drives and the external world.

Question 12

Ego (Jung)

Answer 12

An expression of personality that includes thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of which we are conscious.

Question 13

Evidence-Based Psychotherapy (EBP)

Answer 13

Therapies that have been tested to be effective are said to be evidence based.

Question 14

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Answer 14

One of a group of anxiety disorders, it is characterized by a persistent pervasive state of tension.

Question 15

Grief (Interpersonal Therapy)

Answer 15

Although a normal process, grief can contribute to depression.

Question 16

Hysteria

Answer 16

Disorder occurring when psychological disturbances take a physical form and there is not physiological explanation, such as an unexplained paralysis of the arms or legs.

Question 17

Interpersonal Deficits (Interpersonal Therapy)

Answer 17

Social isolation or lack of social skills may cause loneliness and related problems.

Question 18

Interpersonal Disputes (Interpersonal Therapy)

Answer 18

Ongoing struggles, disagreements, or arguments with others can contribute to depression. Disputes in family, school, work, etc.

Question 19

Meta-Analysis

Answer 19

A method of statistically summarizing the results of a large number of studies.

Question 20

Mirror Technique (Psychodrama)

Answer 20

A process in which the auxiliary tries to copy the postures, expressions, and words of the protagonist so that the protagonist can view the perceptions of his or her behavior, as held by another person.

Question 21

Modernism

Answer 21

Modernists take a rationalist view, believing that there is scientific truth, which can be achieved through advances in technology and science.

Question 22

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 22

Pattern of self-importance; need for admiration from others and lack of empathy for others are common characteristics of individuals with this disorder.

Question 23

Neurosis

Answer 23

Large group of disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety, fears, or obsessions. Contrasted with more severe psychotic disorders.

Question 24

Obsessions

Answer 24

Pervasive and uncontrollable recurring thoughts that interfere with day-to-day functioning.

Question 25

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Answer 25

Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or feelings in which individuals feel compelled to repeat behaviors again and again.

Question 26

Phobia

Answer 26

Fear of a situation or object out of proportion to the danger of the situation or the threatening qualities of the object.

Question 27

Postmodernism

Answer 27

A philosophical position that does not assume that there is a fixed truth, but rather that individuals have their own perception of reality or the truth.

Question 28

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 28

Extreme reactions to a highly stressful or traumatic event, such as being raped, robbed, or assaulted.

Question 29

Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Answer 29

Comparing a group given on treatment with another group given a different treatment or no treatment, by testing individuals before and after therapy.

Question 30

Psychodrama

Answer 30

A type of psychotherapy in which patterns achieve new insight and alter previously ineffective behaviors by enacting life situations. Therapist serves as a director and individuals play out their problems while other group or audience members take the role of important individuals in that person’s life (auxiliaries).

Question 31

Psychosis

Answer 31

A broad term for severe mental disorders in which thinking and emotion are so impaired that individuals have lost contact with reality.

Question 32

Rationality (REBT)

Answer 32

Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain their goals.

Question 33

Irrationality

Answer 33

Thinking, feeling, and acting out are self-defeating and interfere with goal attainment.

Question 34

Rationalization (Freud)

Answer 34

A defense mechanism in which individuals provide a plausible but inaccurate explanation for their failures.

Question 35

Schizophrenia

Answer 35

Severe disturbances of thought, emotions, or behaviors may be evident by observing disorganized speech and obtaining reports of delusions or hallucinations.

Question 36

Social Constructionism

Answer 36

A constructivist point of view that focuses on the shared meanings that people in a culture or society develop.

Question 37

Somatoform Disorders

Answer 37

Physical symptoms are known and present, but there is no physiological cause, and a psychological cause is suspected.

Question 38

Substance Abuse

Answer 38

Using a drug to such an extent that individuals have difficulty meeting social and occupational obligations constitutes substance abuse.

Question 39

Time-Limited Therapy

Answer 39

An approach to therapy that takes certain number of sessions to deal with specific issues.

Question 40

Treatment Manuals

Answer 40

Written guidelines for therapists on how to treat patients with a particular disorder. They describe skills to be used and the specific sequencing of these skills.

Question 41

Comprehensiveness

Answer 41

Theories offered are to all people regardless or gender, age, or background.

Question 42

Empathy

Answer 42

To enter the world of another individual without being influenced by one’s own views and values is to be empathic with the individual.

Question 43

Integration

Answer 43

Use of concepts and techniques from tow or more theories.

Question 44

Mindfulness

Answer 44

Way of experiencing oneself in the present and being bothered less frequently by past or future worries.

Question 45

Ecclecticism

Answer 45

No stronghold for one belief, but many theories are integrated into counseling.

Question 46

Common Factors

Answer 46

Therapeutic aspects of counseling.