Chapter 1 Flashcards
Theory
A group of logically organized laws or relationships that constitute explanation in a discipline.
Operational Definitions
Empirical definition that seeks to specify procedures that are used to measure a variable or to distinguish it from others.
Anorexia
A disorder in which individuals are unable to eat food, may have a severe decrease in appetite, and have an intense fear of becoming obese even when emaciated.
Body Psychotherapy (Body)
A means of integrating psychotherapy and attention to and manipulation of bodily processes.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Characteristics include unstable interpersonal relationships and rapid mood changes over a short period of time.
Bulimia
Binge eating and inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain, such as vomiting and laxatives.
Compulsions
An irresistible impulse to repeat behaviors continually.
Constructivism
Believing that individuals create their own views or constructs of events or relationships in their own lives.
Conversion Reaction
A disorder in which a psychological disturbance takes a physical form, such as when the arms or legs are paralyzed, and there is no physiological explanation.
Depression
An emotional state characterized by deep sadness, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and withdrawal from others.
Ego (Freud)
A means of mediating between one’s instincts or drives and the external world.
Ego (Jung)
An expression of personality that includes thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of which we are conscious.
Evidence-Based Psychotherapy (EBP)
Therapies that have been tested to be effective are said to be evidence based.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
One of a group of anxiety disorders, it is characterized by a persistent pervasive state of tension.
Grief (Interpersonal Therapy)
Although a normal process, grief can contribute to depression.
Hysteria
Disorder occurring when psychological disturbances take a physical form and there is not physiological explanation, such as an unexplained paralysis of the arms or legs.
Interpersonal Deficits (Interpersonal Therapy)
Social isolation or lack of social skills may cause loneliness and related problems.
Interpersonal Disputes (Interpersonal Therapy)
Ongoing struggles, disagreements, or arguments with others can contribute to depression. Disputes in family, school, work, etc.
Meta-Analysis
A method of statistically summarizing the results of a large number of studies.
Mirror Technique (Psychodrama)
A process in which the auxiliary tries to copy the postures, expressions, and words of the protagonist so that the protagonist can view the perceptions of his or her behavior, as held by another person.
Modernism
Modernists take a rationalist view, believing that there is scientific truth, which can be achieved through advances in technology and science.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Pattern of self-importance; need for admiration from others and lack of empathy for others are common characteristics of individuals with this disorder.
Neurosis
Large group of disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety, fears, or obsessions. Contrasted with more severe psychotic disorders.
Obsessions
Pervasive and uncontrollable recurring thoughts that interfere with day-to-day functioning.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts or feelings in which individuals feel compelled to repeat behaviors again and again.
Phobia
Fear of a situation or object out of proportion to the danger of the situation or the threatening qualities of the object.
Postmodernism
A philosophical position that does not assume that there is a fixed truth, but rather that individuals have their own perception of reality or the truth.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Extreme reactions to a highly stressful or traumatic event, such as being raped, robbed, or assaulted.
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
Comparing a group given on treatment with another group given a different treatment or no treatment, by testing individuals before and after therapy.
Psychodrama
A type of psychotherapy in which patterns achieve new insight and alter previously ineffective behaviors by enacting life situations. Therapist serves as a director and individuals play out their problems while other group or audience members take the role of important individuals in that person’s life (auxiliaries).
Psychosis
A broad term for severe mental disorders in which thinking and emotion are so impaired that individuals have lost contact with reality.
Rationality (REBT)
Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain their goals.
Irrationality
Thinking, feeling, and acting out are self-defeating and interfere with goal attainment.
Rationalization (Freud)
A defense mechanism in which individuals provide a plausible but inaccurate explanation for their failures.
Schizophrenia
Severe disturbances of thought, emotions, or behaviors may be evident by observing disorganized speech and obtaining reports of delusions or hallucinations.
Social Constructionism
A constructivist point of view that focuses on the shared meanings that people in a culture or society develop.
Somatoform Disorders
Physical symptoms are known and present, but there is no physiological cause, and a psychological cause is suspected.
Substance Abuse
Using a drug to such an extent that individuals have difficulty meeting social and occupational obligations constitutes substance abuse.
Time-Limited Therapy
An approach to therapy that takes certain number of sessions to deal with specific issues.
Treatment Manuals
Written guidelines for therapists on how to treat patients with a particular disorder. They describe skills to be used and the specific sequencing of these skills.
Comprehensiveness
Theories offered are to all people regardless or gender, age, or background.
Empathy
To enter the world of another individual without being influenced by one’s own views and values is to be empathic with the individual.
Integration
Use of concepts and techniques from tow or more theories.
Mindfulness
Way of experiencing oneself in the present and being bothered less frequently by past or future worries.
Ecclecticism
No stronghold for one belief, but many theories are integrated into counseling.
Common Factors
Therapeutic aspects of counseling.
