Chapter 8 Flashcards
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Behavioral techniques are combined with a focus on the client’s use of language to eliminate distress. Accepting a feeling, event, or situation rather than avoiding it.
Attentional Processes
Act of perceiving or watching something and learning from it.
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly with one that reflexively elicits a particular response so the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response itself.
Covert Behavior
Behaviors that others cannot directly perceive, such as thinking or feeling.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Designed for treatment of suicidal patients and those with borderline disorder. Mindfulness values and meditation techniques have been incorporated into this treatment.
Discrimination
Responding differently to stimuli that are similar based on different cues or antecedent events.
Exposure and Ritual Prevention
Treatment method use with obsessive-compulsive disorders in which patients are exposed to the feared stimulus for an hour or more at a time. They are then asked to refrain from participating in rituals.
Extinction
Process of no longer presenting a reinforcement. Used to decrease or eliminate behaviors.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Used first for PTSD. Client repeats negative self-statements that he or she associated with the scene. Patient follows the therapist’s finger as it moves rapidly back and forth. Procedure repeated until anxiety is reduced.
Flooding
Prolonger in vivo or imagined exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, with no ability to avoid or escape the stimuli.
Functional Analysis
Specifying goals and treatment by assessing antecedents and consequences of behavior. Analyze what is maintaining the behavior and propose hypotheses about contributors to the behavior. Used to guide treatment of the behavior and to further specify goals.
Generalization
Transferring the response to one type of stimuli to similar stimuli.
Implosive Therapy
Prolonged intense exposure therapy in which the client imagines exaggerated scenes that include hypothesized stimuli.
In Vivo
Latin for “In Life,” referring to therapeutic procedures that take place in the client’s natural environment.
Interrater Reliability
Degree of agreement between or among raters about their observations of an individual(s).
Modeling
Technique in which a client observes the behavior of another person and then uses the results of that observation.
Motivational Processes
For observations to be put into action and then continued for some time, reinforcement must be present. Reinforcement brings about motivation.
Motor Reproduction Processes
Refers to translating what one has seen into action using motor skills.
Observational Learning
Type of learning in which people are influenced by observing the behaviors of another.
Operant Conditioning
Type of learning in which behavior in increased or decreased by systematically changing its consequences.
Overt Behavior
Actions that can be directly observed by others.
Positive Reinforcement
Process by which the introduction of a stimulus has a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again.
Reactivity
Occurs when clients change their behaviors because they know that they are being observed.
Retention Process
Refers to remembering that which has been observed.
Self-Efficacy
Individuals’ perceptions of their ability to deal with different types of events.
Self-Instructional Training
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy that teaches patients to instruct themselves verbally so that they may cope with difficult situations.
Shaping
Gradually reinforcing certain parts of a target behavior to more closely approximate the desired target behavior.
Stress Inoculation Training
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in which clients learn coping skills for dealing with stressful situations and then practice the skills while being exposed to the situation.
Systemic Desensitization
Specific procedure for replacing anxiety with relaxation while gradually increasing the imagined exposure to an anxiety-producing situation.
Target Behavior
Part of the client’s problem that can be clearly defined and easily assessed.
Virtual Reality Therapy
Takes place in a computer-generated environment. Client can interact with this environment by using a joystick, a headband, a glove with physiological sensors, or a similar device.
Conditioned Stimulus
Originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when it is presented alone.
Conditioned Response
Response the organism learns to produce in the presence of a conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way. Produces an involuntary, measurable response.
Unconditioned Response
Unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditional stimulus.
Operant Behavior
Behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
Reinforcer
Stimulus that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the future.
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a response will recur.
Escape Conditioning
Learning a behavior which terminates or ends an unpleasant stimulus.
Avoidance Conditioning
Learning a desirable behavior in order to prevent an unpleasant condition such as punishment from occurring.
Punisher
Any event that decreases the likelihood that the behavior targeted will recur.
