Chapter 8

Question 1

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Answer 1

Behavioral techniques are combined with a focus on the client’s use of language to eliminate distress. Accepting a feeling, event, or situation rather than avoiding it.

Question 2

Attentional Processes

Answer 2

Act of perceiving or watching something and learning from it.

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly with one that reflexively elicits a particular response so the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response itself.

Question 4

Covert Behavior

Answer 4

Behaviors that others cannot directly perceive, such as thinking or feeling.

Question 5

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Answer 5

Designed for treatment of suicidal patients and those with borderline disorder. Mindfulness values and meditation techniques have been incorporated into this treatment.

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

Responding differently to stimuli that are similar based on different cues or antecedent events.

Question 7

Exposure and Ritual Prevention

Answer 7

Treatment method use with obsessive-compulsive disorders in which patients are exposed to the feared stimulus for an hour or more at a time. They are then asked to refrain from participating in rituals.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

Process of no longer presenting a reinforcement. Used to decrease or eliminate behaviors.

Question 9

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

Answer 9

Used first for PTSD. Client repeats negative self-statements that he or she associated with the scene. Patient follows the therapist’s finger as it moves rapidly back and forth. Procedure repeated until anxiety is reduced.

Question 10

Flooding

Answer 10

Prolonger in vivo or imagined exposure to stimuli that evoke high levels of anxiety, with no ability to avoid or escape the stimuli.

Question 11

Functional Analysis

Answer 11

Specifying goals and treatment by assessing antecedents and consequences of behavior. Analyze what is maintaining the behavior and propose hypotheses about contributors to the behavior. Used to guide treatment of the behavior and to further specify goals.

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

Transferring the response to one type of stimuli to similar stimuli.

Question 13

Implosive Therapy

Answer 13

Prolonged intense exposure therapy in which the client imagines exaggerated scenes that include hypothesized stimuli.

Question 14

In Vivo

Answer 14

Latin for “In Life,” referring to therapeutic procedures that take place in the client’s natural environment.

Question 15

Interrater Reliability

Answer 15

Degree of agreement between or among raters about their observations of an individual(s).

Question 16

Modeling

Answer 16

Technique in which a client observes the behavior of another person and then uses the results of that observation.

Question 17

Motivational Processes

Answer 17

For observations to be put into action and then continued for some time, reinforcement must be present. Reinforcement brings about motivation.

Question 18

Motor Reproduction Processes

Answer 18

Refers to translating what one has seen into action using motor skills.

Question 19

Observational Learning

Answer 19

Type of learning in which people are influenced by observing the behaviors of another.

Question 20

Operant Conditioning

Answer 20

Type of learning in which behavior in increased or decreased by systematically changing its consequences.

Question 21

Overt Behavior

Answer 21

Actions that can be directly observed by others.

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

Process by which the introduction of a stimulus has a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be performed again.

Question 23

Reactivity

Answer 23

Occurs when clients change their behaviors because they know that they are being observed.

Question 24

Retention Process

Answer 24

Refers to remembering that which has been observed.

Question 25

Self-Efficacy

Answer 25

Individuals’ perceptions of their ability to deal with different types of events.

Question 26

Self-Instructional Training

Answer 26

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy that teaches patients to instruct themselves verbally so that they may cope with difficult situations.

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

Gradually reinforcing certain parts of a target behavior to more closely approximate the desired target behavior.

Question 28

Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 28

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in which clients learn coping skills for dealing with stressful situations and then practice the skills while being exposed to the situation.

Question 29

Systemic Desensitization

Answer 29

Specific procedure for replacing anxiety with relaxation while gradually increasing the imagined exposure to an anxiety-producing situation.

Question 30

Target Behavior

Answer 30

Part of the client’s problem that can be clearly defined and easily assessed.

Question 31

Virtual Reality Therapy

Answer 31

Takes place in a computer-generated environment. Client can interact with this environment by using a joystick, a headband, a glove with physiological sensors, or a similar device.

Question 32

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 32

Originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when it is presented alone.

Question 33

Conditioned Response

Answer 33

Response the organism learns to produce in the presence of a conditioned stimulus.

Question 34

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 34

Stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way. Produces an involuntary, measurable response.

Question 35

Unconditioned Response

Answer 35

Unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditional stimulus.

Question 36

Operant Behavior

Answer 36

Behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.

Question 37

Reinforcer

Answer 37

Stimulus that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the future.

Question 38

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 38

Removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood that a response will recur.

Question 39

Escape Conditioning

Answer 39

Learning a behavior which terminates or ends an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 40

Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 40

Learning a desirable behavior in order to prevent an unpleasant condition such as punishment from occurring.

Question 41

Punisher

Answer 41

Any event that decreases the likelihood that the behavior targeted will recur.