chapter 8.3

Question 1

Matilda effect

Answer 1

the bias against recognizing women scientists achievements. T

Question 2

value free ideal for science

Answer 2

refers to the idea that science should be free form the influence of our values - such as moral, social, or political beliefs. Scientific theories and hypotheses hould be accepted only when evidence and reasoning favor them, not just because we want the m to be true.

This is an ideal because it does not always happen

Question 3

some challenges to the value free ideal for science

Answer 3

Sciences spotty track record in achieving freedom from the influence of political and economic values might inspire skepticism of the value free idea. Careful historical studies of episodes in science reveal the influence of values.

Even if we just think about what we want science to be like - the idea - its unclear that values should be entirely absent. Is discovering a vaccine for the Zika virus, which is easily transmitted to humans by mosquito bites, more important than discovering new facts about quasars, puslars, supernovas or other astral phenomena?

if you think so this reflects the values that YOU hold

Question 4

Five questions that arise when doing science that our values help us answer

Answer 4

1) what should we study

2) how should we study it

3) What are we trying to accomplish

4) what if we are uncertain

5) How should we talk about the results

Question 5

publication bias

Answer 5

the tendency to reward only one form of scientific finding

This is common across all scientific journals but especiallys trong in the most prestigious journals. Publication bias, coupled with the scarcity of resources and employment opportunities, generates a challenge to sciences capacity for self-correction

Question 6

data dredging

Answer 6

where data mining techniques are used ton uncover patterns in data sets that support a hypothesis not under investigation. This makes it more liekly that a claimed pattern is actually a type 1 error and the supported hypothesis is false

Question 6

Funding bias

Answer 6

being funded by a private company to carry out research may pose conflicts of interest.

Scientific studies are more likely to have findings supporting the interest of the studys financial sponsor. This can happen because of how values influence science - what to study and how, what the aim is and how to handle uncertainty as well as how to present the findings