Chapter 3 (2)

Question 1

data model

Answer 1

A regimented representation of some data set, ofetn with the aim of highlighting whether or not data count as evidence for a given hypothesis

Question 2

data cleansing

Answer 2

deciding which data are questionable and should be eliminated

Question 3

data models are used

Answer 3

in experiments and non-experimental studies where the phenomena are investigated directly.

Question 4

Models of phenomena are

Answer 4

are often used to indirectly investigate phenomena. In order to do this scientists have to first learn about the model itself.

Question 5

Scale models

Answer 5

are concrete physical objects that serve as downsized or enlarged representations of their target systems.

Architectural models of urban landscapres are a familiar example; these are widely used in civil engineering. The bay model also belongs to this class, since it is a three dimensional physical object made of concrete slabs, copper tags and water.

Question 6

Analogical models

Answer 6

can be physical or abstract objects depending on whether they rely on physical or abstract analogies to represent their target systems. >Scale models like the bay model can be characterized as concrete analog models, as they share several physical properties with their targets. An example of an abstract analog model is the computer model of the mind, which is based on formal similarities between computers and minds.

Question 7

Mechanistic models

Answer 7

are representations of mechanisms. Mechanisms are organized by systems consisting of component parts and ocmponent operation that are organized spatially and temporally so as to causally produce a phenomenon.

Question 8

mathematical models are

Answer 8

equations that relate variables, parameters and constants to one another. These models attempt to quantify one or more dependences among variables in the target

An example of a mathematical model would be prisoners dilemma

suppose you and your friend dominik have been arrested for robbing a bank and youve been placed in different cells. A prosecutor makes this offer to each of you separately:

you may choose to confess or to remain silent. if you confess and your accomplice keeps silent, all charges against you will be dropped and your testimony will be used to convict your accomplice. Likewise, if your accomplice confesses and you remain silent, your accomplice will go free while you will be convicted. if you both confess, you will both be convicted as co conspirators for somewhat less tie in prison that if one of you is convictedd. if both remain silent, I shall settle for a minor charge instead.

from this you get a payoff matrix therefore making it mathematical

Question 9

Computer models

Answer 9

computer models or simulations are programs run on a computer using algorithms or step by step procedures to explore aspects or changes of a target system