book chapter 2 (3)

Question 1

when are non experimental studies called for?

Answer 1

Non experimental studies may be called for when performing an intervention needed of investigate a hypothesis experimentally is unethical impractical or impossible

Question 2

laboratory experiments

Answer 2

Give researchers control over many aspects of the experiment, specifically over any interventions performed and the direct and indirect control of many extraneous variables

Question 3

when does an experiment have Internal experimental validity

Answer 3

High internal validity when scientists can correctly infer conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables with great certainty

Question 4

external experimental validity

Answer 4

The extent to which experimental results generalize from the experimental conditions to other conditions

Question 5

Population validity

Answer 5

The degree to which experimental entities are representative of the broader class of entities of interest. The more representative a sample is of the broad class or population, the more confident scientists can be of the experiments external validity.

Question 6

ecological validity

Answer 6

The degree to which experiment circumstances are representative of real world circumstances

Question 7

Field experiments

Answer 7

Are conducted outside of a laboratory in the participants everyday environment. Researchers still manipulate an independent variable, and they still aim to control extraneous variables

Question 8

field experiment pros and cons

Answer 8

Higher external validity because they occur in natural circumstances, their ecological validity is higher as a result

Question 9

pros cons large sample size

Answer 9

Pro: More accurately reflects the population

Con: Difficult to assemble and manage in the experiment

Question 10

observational studies

Answer 10

Involve collecting and analyzing data without performng interventions or controlling extraneous variables

Question 11

anomaly

Answer 11

A phenomenon that deviates from the expectations of a theory or hypothesis

Question 12

Case study

Answer 12

A detailed examination of a single individual or system in real life context

Question 13

natural experiments

Answer 13

occur when an intervention on an independent variable occurs naturally in real life without any experimenters doing anything

Question 14

cohort study

Answer 14

researchers select a group of subjects according to set parameters, and then track those subjects over time, at set intervals, to observe the effects of some condition they experience

Question 15

Retrospective study

Answer 15

Researchers first identify a group of subjects who have the property of interest and then investigae their past in an attempt to identify the cause of that property

Question 16

Prospective study

Answer 16

Researchers identify a group of subjects with some property of interest but then track their development forward in time to check the effects of that property

Question 17

Longitudinal study

Answer 17

the same subjects are measured repeatedly over a period of time, sometimes many years, allowing the researchers to track subjects change

Question 18

Cross-sectional study

Answer 18

Different subjects are measured at a single time in order to get a sense for the prevalence of some traits in the population at large

Question 19

Big data

Answer 19

Very large data sets that cannot be easily stored, processed, analyzed and visualized with traditional methods.

Question 20

Thought experiments

Answer 20

Devices of the imagination that scientists sometimes use to learn about reality. Though experiments involve an imagined intervention on a system. In the right conditions, these can be used to test a hypothesis, to show that nature does not conform to ones previously held expectations, and to suggest ways in which expectations can be revised