book chapter 1

Question 1

philosophers have traditionally thought of knowledge as requiring at least three elements

Answer 1

Belief justification and truth

Question 2

knowledge

Answer 2

An achievement; certain conditions must be met for a belief to count as knowledge

Question 3

Knowledge requires

Answer 3

Justification. To know something, one must have good reasons to believe it is so

Question 4

On the traditional conception of knowledge as justified true belief, you have this knowledge just if

Answer 4

1. It is true (earths atmosphere)
2. you believe it is true (you believe its warming up)
3. you are sufficiently justified in believing its true

Question 5

basic research

Answer 5

Scientific research that aims at knowledge for its own sake

Question 6

Explanatory knowledge

Answer 6

When science aims for pure knowledge; generating knowledge of how things work and why things are the way they are

Question 7

Applied research

Answer 7

Scientific research is applied when it exploits knowledge in order to develop some product, like software, pharmaceutical drugs, or new materials.

Question 8

example of a pseudoscience

Answer 8

Astrology

Question 9

natural phenomena

Answer 9

Are objects, events, regularities, or processes that are sufficiently uniform to make the msusceptible to systematic study.

Question 10

natural explanations

Answer 10

Invoke observable features of the world to account for natural phenomena

If there is an epidemic in florida or increased employment in colombia, you might wonder how that came to be. A natural explanation of the epidemic might specify a contagion and a mechanism of transmission or other such factors. A natural explanation for the increase in employment might specify private investments in industry and legislative choices made by labor unions and political parties.

Question 11

Two forms of naturalism often come up in discussion about the character of science

Answer 11

Methodological naturalism

Ontological naturalism

Question 12

Methodological naturlalism

Answer 12

The idea that scientific theories shouldnt postulate supernatural or other spooky kinds of entities

Question 13

Ontological naturalism

Answer 13

Ontology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of what exists.

Ontological naturlaism is the idea that no spooky or supernatural entities exist.

Question 14

What scientists see, hear, touch, and so forth can be used as

Answer 14

Empirical evidence for or against some attempted natural explanation.

Question 15

evidentialism

Answer 15

The idea that a beliefs justification is determined by how well the belief is supported by evidence

Question 16

coupled with sciences commitment to empirical investigation, evidentialism suggests that

Answer 16

scientific beliefs should be supported by empirical evidence.

Question 17

falsificationism

Answer 17

States that scientific reasoning proceeds by attempting to disprove ideas rather than to prove them right – that is, by advancing bold and risky conjectures and then trying to falsify or refute them