chapter 4 (2)

Question 2

hypothesis testing requires at least two ingredients

Answer 2

empirical evidence and rational inference

Question 3

Empirical evidenc eis the

Answer 3

Primary source of justification for scientists hypotheses about the world, but rational inference is needed to evaluate hypotheses on the basis of the available evidence

Question 4

Hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 4

On the H-D method, the expectations formulated on the basis of a hypothesis should be logically implied by that hypothesis using deductive inference. Hence, if the hypothesis is true, the expectation derived from it also must be true

Question 5

The crucial difference between refutation and confirmation

Answer 5

Refutation is a valid deductive argument that demonstrates the hypothesis is false. In contrast, confirmation is not a deductively valid argument. The truth of the premises does not guarantee the conclusion to be true

Question 6

Duhem-Quine problem

Answer 6

Taking into account auxilary assumptions, all you can deductively conclusde from observations not matching expectations is that either the hypothesis is wrong or one or more auxiliary assumptions is wrong. Because of the need for auxiliary hypotheses, the H-D method cant provide a deductive argument that the hypothesis is false

Question 7

axioms

Answer 7

are accepted as self-evident truths about some domain

The axioms are then used to deductively infer other truths about thhe domain called theorems