chapter 4 (1)

Question 1

reasoning

Answer 1

A psychological process, which cognitive psychologists divide into the operations of two cognitive systems

System 1 and System 2

Question 2

System 1

Answer 2

Operates quickly and automatically, with no conscious mental effort needed

Question 3

System 2

Answer 3

Operates slowly, engaging working memory and allocating attention to effortful mental activities, accompanies by a sense of voluntary control

Question 4

science mainly engages which system

Answer 4

system 2 because science is a collaborative social process of giving and taking reason

Question 5

Deliberate scientific reasoning involves

Answer 5

Making and evaluating inferences and inferences are the backbone of any argument

Question 6

Inference

Answer 6

a logical transition from one thought to another that obeys abstract rules

Question 7

Argument

Answer 7

a set of statements (stated propositions) with inferential structure.

Question 8

Premise of an argument

Answer 8

statements that provide rational that is supported by the premises, the endpoint of an inference

Question 9

Aristotles reasoning for thinking that the universe is eternal

Answer 9

1) if the universe is not eternal then the universe came into existence

2) everything that comes into existence requires some pre-existing material substrate

If the universe is not eternal then some material substrate existed before the universe came into existence

It cannot be the case that some material substratum existed before the universe came into existence

The universe is eternal

Question 10

Deductive argument

Answer 10

an argument is a deductive argument when the relasionship of the premises to its conclusion is purportedly one of necessitation; The premises should together guarantee, or make necessary, the conclusion

Question 11

Conditional statements

Answer 11

statements in the form If… then… are crucial elements of inferential reasoning. THese if/then statements are called conditional statements because one circumstance is g iven as a condition for another circumstance.

As an intuitive example, imagine the parents of a young child asking her to eat her vegetables in order to get dessert: if you eat your broccoli, then you can have dessert. The child then knows the ticket to dessert, shoveling down the broccoli

Question 12

Antecedent

Answer 12

The first circumstance, following the if. The condition upon which the other circumstance is introduced

Question 13

Consequent

Answer 13

The second circumstance, following the “then” is called the consequent. This is the condition that arises from or hinges upon the introduction of the antecedent.

Question 14

THe antecedent is a

Answer 14

sufficient condition for the consequent

Question 15

The consequent is a

Answer 15

requirement or a necessary condition for the antecedent

Question 16

logic

Answer 16

The study of the rules and patterns of good and bad inference

Question 17

validity in the context of deduction

Answer 17

A deductive inference is valid just when the truth of the premises logically guarantees, or necessitates, the truth of the conclusion