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biology > chapter 8 -transport in animals > Flashcards

chapter 8 -transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the need for specialised transport systems in animals

A

high metabolic demands so diffusion over long distances alone is not enough
relatively small SA:V ratio
molecules like hormones or enzymes may be made in one place but needed in another
food will digested in one organ system but needs to be transported to every cell for respiration
waste products of metabolism need to removed from cells and transported to excretory organs

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2
Q

what are features of circulatory system

A

liquid transport medium that circulates around system
vessels that carry transport medium
pumping mechanism to move fluid around system

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3
Q

what type of transport system is this

A

mass transport system

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4
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A

liquid medium pumped straight from heart into body cavity of animal ( haemocoel)

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5
Q

what is insect blood called

A

haemolymph

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6
Q

what does haemolymph do

A

transports food and nitrogenous waste and cells involved in defence against disease
doesnt carry oxygen or co2

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7
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come directly into contact with cells of they body

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8
Q

what is a single closed circulatory system

A

blood travels only once through the heart for each complete circulation of body

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9
Q

what is double closed circulatory system

A

blood is pumped from heart to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide and returns to heart
blood flows through heart and is pumped out to travel all around body before returning to heart again

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10
Q

what are components of blood vessel

A

elastic fibres - stretch and recoil providing vessel walls with flexibility
smooth muscle- contracts or relaxes which changes size of lumen
collagen - provides structural support to maintain shape and volume of vessel

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11
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from heart to tissues of body. Carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery which carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and umbilical artery which carriers deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

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12
Q

what do artery walls contain

A

elastic fibres to withstand force of blood pumped out of heart and stretch
smooth muscle
collagen

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13
Q

what do arterioles do

A

link arteries and capillaries

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14
Q

what is difference between arteries and arterioles

A

arterioles have more smooth muscle but less elastin in walls as they ahve little pulse surge but can contrict or dilate to control flow of blood into individual organs

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15
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

when arterioles contract constricting vessle and prevent blood flowwing into capillary bed

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16
Q

what is vasodilation

A

when arterioles relaxed dilating vessels and allowing blood to flow throufh into a capillary bed

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17
Q

what do capillaries do

A

link arterioles with venules. form extensive networj throughout all tussue if body

18
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

large SA for diffusion of substances in and out of blood
total cross sectional area of capillaries are greater than arteriole supplying them so rate of blood flow falls for more time gor exchange of materisal
walls are singel endothelial cell thick giving thin layer for diffusion

19
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood away from the heart

20
Q

what vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

A

inferior vena cava
superior vena cava

21
Q

what do walls of veins consist of

A

lots of collagen and relatively less elastic fibre
wide lumen and has endothelium

22
Q

what do venule consist of

A

thin walls
little smooth muscle and elastin

23
Q

how is blood pumped up vein to heart against gravity

A

veins have one-way valves at intervals to prevent backflow of blood
veins run between big active muscles to squeeze veins when they contract forcing blood towards heart
breathing movement of chest acts as pump- squeezin actions and pressure changes move blood in veins of chest towards heart

24
Q

what are the functions of blood

A

transport oxygen and co2 from respiring cells
transport digested food from small intestine
transport nitrogenous waste from cells to excretory organs
transport hormones
transport food molecules from storage compounds to cells that need them
transport platelets to damaged areas
transport cells and antibodies involved in immune response

25
Q

what does blood consist of

A

plasma
erythrcocytes
platelets
leucocytes

26
Q

what is reaction of haemoglobin to oxygen

A

Hb+ 4o2 —- Hb(o2)4
forms oxyhaemoglobin

27
Q

what is positive co-operativity

A

when one oxygen molecule binds to haemoglobin, it makes it easier for another oxygen molecule to bind to it

28
Q

what happens when partial pressure of oxygen increases

A

more haem groups become bound to oxygen making it easier for more oxygen to be picked up

29
Q

what is the bohr effect

A

as partial pressure of co2 increases, haemoglobin gives up oxygen more easily
therefore in the lungs, where partial pressure of co2 in air is relatively low, oxygen binds to haemoglobin more easily

30
Q

what is fetal haemoglobin

A

haemoglobin in fetus which has higher affinity for oxygen than mothers haemoglobin therefore oxygen will be transferred from mother to child

31
Q

how is co2 transported from tissues to lungs

A

carried in plasma
combined with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
converted into hydrogencarbonate ions in cytoplasm of red blood cells

32
Q

how is hydrogen carbonate ion fomred

A

co2 reacts with h2o to form carbonic acid , h2co3, which dissociated into h+and hco3- catalysed by carbonic anhydrase

33
Q

what is the chloride shift

A

when negatively charged hydrogen carbonate ions move out of erythroctyes into plasma by diffusion down concentration gradient, negatively charged chloride ion move into erythrocytes to maintain electrical balance of cell

34
Q

how does haemoglobin act as buffer

A

reacts with H+ to form haemoglobinic acid therefore minimising Ph changes

35
Q

what is tachycardia

A

fast heartbeat caused by fever, frightened, abnormal electric control of heart

36
Q

what is bradycardia

A

slow heart rate - fit people have this.

37
Q

what can treat bradycardia

A

artificial pacemaker

38
Q

what can treat tachycardia

A

medication or surgery

39
Q

what is ectopic heartbeat

A

extra heartbeats out of normal rhythm

40
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A
  • abnormal heart rhythm, very fast , incomplete contraction

biology (17 decks)

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