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biology > chapter 12 - communicable diseases > Flashcards

chapter 12 - communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

diseases caused by pathogens

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2
Q

what are vectors

A

vectors carry pathogens from one organism to another

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3
Q

how are bacteria classified

A

shape - spherical, comma shaped , spiralled
cell wall - gram positive bacteria look purple blue under light microscope. Gram negative bacteria appear red. Different cell wall affects how bacteria react to different antibiotics

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4
Q

what are viruses

A

non living pathogens
has dna or rna
reproduce rapidly
bacteriophages take over bacteria cells to replicate- used to treat some diseases

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5
Q

what are protoctista ( protists)

A

single celled
protists need vector

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6
Q

what are fungi

A

multicellular
some stop plants from photosynthesising

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7
Q

how do viruses attack host

A

take over cell metabolism. Viral genetic material gets into host cell and inserts into hosts DNA. Viruse uses host genetic mechanism to replicate and burst out

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8
Q

how do protists attack host

A

digest cell content to reproduce

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9
Q

how do fungi attack hosts

A

digest living cells

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10
Q

how do toxins produced by bacteria and fungi affect host

A

toxin damages host cells by breaking down cell membrane or inactivate enzymes or interfere with genetic material so cell cannot divide

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11
Q

what is ring rot

A

bacterial disease of potatoes and tomatoes caused by gram positive bacteria
damages leaves

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12
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

virus
infects tobacco plants
damages leaves, flowers

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13
Q

what is potato blight

A

caused by protoctista
hyphae penetrates host cells destroying leaves

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14
Q

what is black sigatoka

A

banana disease caused by fungus
attacks and destroys leaves
hyphae penetrate and digest cells turning leaves black reducing photosynthesis
controlled by fungicide

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15
Q

what is tuberculosis

A

bacterial disease in humans
destroys lung tissue and supresses immune system
curable by antibiotics

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16
Q

what is bacterial meningitis

A

bacterial infection of meninges of brain which spreads into rest of body causing blood poisoning and death
protected by antibiotics or vaccines

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17
Q

what is HIV or AIDS

A

human immunodeficiency virus
acquired immunodeficiency virus
targets T cells in immune system
destroys immune system

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18
Q

how is HIV spread

A

passed on from one person to person by bodily fluids , unprotected sex, shared needles

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19
Q

how does HIV work

A

consists of RNA genetic material
contains enzyme reverse transcriptase which transcribes RNA to DNA with interacts with DNA of host cell

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20
Q

what is influenza

A

virus of epithelial cells in gas exchange system
kills epithelial cells leaving airways open to secondary infection

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21
Q

what is malaria

A

caused by protoctista plasmodium
invades red blood cell, liver and brain
prevented by insectides and nets

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22
Q

what is ring worm

A

fungal disease affecting mammals , cattles, dogs, cats, humans
causes grey white areas of skin
cured by anti fungal creams

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23
Q

what is athletes foot

A

fungal disease
form of human ring worm
digests warm moist skin between toes
use antifungal creams

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24
Q

what are direct transmissions of pathogen in animals

A

direct contact- touching
inoculation - through break in skin( sex) , animal bite ( rabies) , puncture wound
ingestion

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25
Q

what are indirect transmissions of pathogen in animals

A

fomites - inanimate objects such as socks
droplet infection
vectors
water

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26
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in animals

A

overcrowding
poor nutrition
compromised immune system
climate change
culture
socioeconomic factors

27
Q

what are direct transmission of pathogens in plants

A

healthy plant touching part of diseased plant

28
Q

what are indirect transmission of pathogens in plants

A

soil contamination
vectors spread by spore through water and wind , animals and humans

29
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in plants

A

planting varieties of crops that are susceptible to disease
overcrowing
poor mineral nutrition
damp warm conditions
climate change

30
Q

how do plants recognise attack

A

receptors in cells respond to pathogens which stimulates release of signalling molecules that switch on genes triggering cellular responses

31
Q

what are physical defenses in plants

A

produce high level of the polysaccharide , callose, which contains b 1-3 linkages and b 1-6 linkages which deposit between cell walls near infected cells acting as barrier
callose blocks sieve plates in phloem
callose is deposited in plasmodesmata
lignin is added

32
Q

what are chemical defences in plants

A

insect repellents
insectides
antibacterial compounds
antifungal compounds ( chitinases)

33
Q

what are non -specific animal defences against pathogens

A

skin
mucous membranes in airways
lysozymes in tears and urine and acid in stomach

34
Q

what is thromboplastin

A

an enzyme that triggers a cascade of reactions resulting in formation of blood clot

35
Q

what is serotonin

A

makes smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels to contain so they narrow are reduce supply of blood to area

36
Q

how is a blood clot formed

A

platelets activated by damage tissue activate thromboplastin which catalyses reaction of prothrombin with calcium ion to form thrombin. Thrombin catalyses formation of fibrin by fibrinogen which forms blood clot

37
Q

what are mast cells

A

activated in damaged tissue which release histamines and cytokines

38
Q

why do histamines do

A

makes blood vessels dilate causing localised heat and redness preventing pathogens to reduce
histamines make blood vessel walls leaky so blood plasma is forced out to tissue fluid causing swelling and pain

39
Q

what do cytokines do

A

attract phagocytes to site. They dispose of pathogens by phagocytosis

40
Q

what does a fever do

A

caused by hypothalamus in brain which increase temperature so inhibit pathogen reproduction
specific immune system works better at higher temperatures

41
Q

what are phagocytes

A

specialised white cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

42
Q

what are the 2 types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils
macrophages

43
Q

what does pus consist of

A

dead neutrophils and dead pathogens

44
Q

what are the stages of phagocytosis

A

1) pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes
2) phagocytes recognise non human proteins on pathogen.
3) phagocyte engulfs pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole called phagosome
4)phagosome combined with lysosome to form phagolysosome
5) enzymes from lysosome digest and destroy pathogens

45
Q

what do cytokines do

A

act as cell signalling molecules to move phagocytes to site of infection
increase body temperature and stimulate specific immune system

46
Q

what do opsonins do

A

bind to pathogens to tag them so are more easily recognised by phagocytes

47
Q

what are antibodies

A

Y shaped glycoproteins called immunoglobin which bind to specific antigen on the pathogen that triggered immune response

48
Q

what are antibodies made of

A

2 identical long polypeptide chains called heavy chains
2 identical short polypeptide chains called short chain
chains are held by disulphide bridges
constant region
variable region

49
Q

how do antibodies defend body

A

1) antibody of antigen-antibody complex acts as opsonin so complex is easily engulfed by phagocytes
2) antibodies act as agglutinins causing pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complex to clump together so phagocytes can engulf at once
3) antibodies act as anti toxins binding to toxins making them harmless

50
Q

where are t lymphocytes made

A

thymus gland

51
Q

where are b lymphocytes made

A

bone marrow

52
Q

what do t -helper cells do

A

produce interleukins which are cytokines
stimulates activity of b cells increasing antibody production , stimulates macrophages to ingest pathogens

53
Q

what do t killer cells do

A

destroy pathogen carrying the antigen
produce perforin which kills pathogen by making holes in cell membrane so is freely permeable

54
Q

what do t memory cells

A

divide rapidly to form t killer cells when antigen comes a second time

55
Q

what do plasma cells

A

b lymphocyte
produce antibodies

56
Q

b effector cells

A

divide to form plasma cell clones

57
Q

what do b memory cells

A

remembers particular anitgen to make a rapid response

58
Q

what is natural active immunity

A

body meets pathogen and creates antibodies and memory cells

59
Q

what is natural passive immunity

A

body does not make its own antibodies
baby receives antibodies by mother by mothers milk

60
Q

what is artificial immunity

A

antibodies created in one individual then extracted and injected into another
temporary immunity

61
Q

what is artificial active immunity

A

immune system of body is stimulated to make its own antibodies to a safe form of an antigen like a vaccine

62
Q

what is a pandemic

A

when same communicable disease spreads across a number of countries

63
Q

what is an epidemic

A

when a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a national level

64
Q

what diseases cant be prevented by vaccines

A

HIV
malaria

biology (17 decks)

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