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biology > chapter 6 - cell division > Flashcards

chapter 6 - cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is interphase

A

cell preparing for cell division

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2
Q

what happens during interphase

A

dna is replicated and checked for errors
protein synthesis occurs in cytoplasm
mitochondrai grow and divide in cytoplasm
chloroplasts grow and divide in algal cell cytoplasm
normal metabolic processes occur

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3
Q

what happens during g1 of interphase

A

proteins which synthesise organelle are produced so organelles replicate. Cell increases in size

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4
Q

what happens during S of interphase

A

dna is replicated in nucleus

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5
Q

what happens during g2 of interphase

A

cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and duplicated DNA is checked for errors

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6
Q

what is mitosis

A

when nucleus divides

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7
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

when cytoplasm divides and 2 cells are produced

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8
Q

what is g0

A

when cell leaves the cycle temporarily or permanently

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9
Q

why does g0 happen

A

-cell becomes specilaised no longer able to divide
-DNA of cell may be damagaed so can no longer divide. Cell becomes senescent
-

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10
Q

what does a high number of senescent cells cause

A

age-related diseases such as cancer and arthritis

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11
Q

what type of cells can enter g0 can go back to cell cycle

A

lymphocytes in an immune response

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12
Q

what happens during g1 checkpoint

A

at the end of g1 phase. Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

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13
Q

what happens during g2 checkpoint

A

checks for cell size, DNA replication, DNA damage

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14
Q

what happens during spindle assembly checkpoint

A

checks if chromosomes attach to spindles

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15
Q

what do kinases do

A

they are enzymes catalysing addition of phosphate group which changes tertiary structure of checkpoint protein activating them during cell cycle

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16
Q

what are checkpoint proteins called

A

cyclins

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17
Q

what is CDK complex

A

cyclin- dependent kinase complex

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18
Q

how are tumours formed

A

cyclin gene may be mutated causing large amount of cyclins to be formed therefore disrupting regulation of cell cycle causing tumour. CDK can be used as chemical inhibitor to treat cancer

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19
Q

is mitosis sexual or asexual

A

asexual - produce genetically identical offspring

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20
Q

what is mitosis used for

A

growth , replacement , and repair of tissues, asexual reproduction

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21
Q

what is binary fission

A

bacteria version of mitosis as they do not have a nucleus

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22
Q

how are chromatids formed

A

during interphase, each DNA molecule ( chromosomes) is converted to 2 identical DNA molecules, called chromatid

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23
Q

what is the region where 2 chromatids are joined together

A

centromere

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24
Q

how many chromosomes are there when 2 chromatids are formed from one chromosome

A

still 1

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25
Q

how are chromatin formed

A

during interphase, DNA combined with histones to form chromatin

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26
Q

what happens during prophase

A

chromatin coil and condense to form chromosomes. Nucleolus dissapears
nuclear membrane breaks down
spindles form and attach to centromeres

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27
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes are moved by spindle fibres and aligned at the equator called metaphase plate

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28
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

centromeres holding pair of chromatids divide and are seperated to opposite poles of cells by spindle fibres

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29
Q

what happens during telophase

A

chromatids have reached poles are now chromosomes. Nuclear envelope reforms. Chromosome uncoils and nucleolus is formed
cytokinesis begins

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30
Q

what happens during cytokinesis in animal cells

A

a cleavage burrow forms in middle of cell. Cell surface membrane is pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until it fuses in middle forming 2 cells

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31
Q

what happens during cytokinesis in plant cells

A

vesicles from golgi apparatus assemble near metaphase plate and vesicles fuse with each other and the cell surface membrane forming new cell wall dividing into 2 new cells

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32
Q

why dont plant cells have cleavage furrow

A

they have a cell wall so not possible

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33
Q

what happens if dividing cell wall were formed before daughter cells seperated

A

they would undergo osmotic lysis from surrounding water

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34
Q

what is meiosis

A

reduction division

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35
Q

what are diploids

A

2 chromosomes of each type

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36
Q

is meiosis sexual or asexual

A

sexual

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37
Q

what does meiosis form

A

gametes as nucleus divides twice to form 4 gametes each with half of the chromosomes number ( haploid)

38
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

matching set of chromosomes . Each chromosome has same genes at same loci

39
Q

what are alleles

A

different version of the same gene

40
Q

what happens in meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes are seperated into 2 new cells. Each new cell will contain one full set of gene instead of 2 , so cells are haploid

41
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A
  • chromatids present in each daughter cell are seperate forming 2 more cells, 4 haploid cells produced in total
42
Q

what is prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope disintegrates
nucleolus dissapears
spindle formation begins
homologous chromsomes pair up forming bivalents. Chromatids entangle ( crossing over)

43
Q

what is metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes assemble at metaphase plate
orientation of homologous pair random so maternal or paternal chromosomes can face either pole. This is independent assortment and result in different combinations of alleles.

44
Q

what is anaphase1

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles but chromatids stayed joined
sections of DNA on sister chromatids which became entangled break off and rejoin at chiasmata resulting in exchange of DNA

45
Q

what is telaphase 1

A

chromosomes assemble at each pole
nuclear membrane reforms
chromosomes uncoil
cellundergoes cytokinesis
dipolid to haploid

46
Q

what is prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope breaks down
spindle formation begins

47
Q

what is metaphase 2

A

individual chromosomes assmeble on metaphase plate
independent assortment occurs again

48
Q

what is anaphase 2

A

chromatids of indiviual chromsomes are pulled to oposite poles

49
Q

what is telophase 2

A

chromsomes uncoil and form chromatin again
nuclear envelope reforms
nucleolus becomes visible
cytokinesis occurs

50
Q

what are levels of organistation in multicellular organisms

A

specialised cells - tissues - organs - organsystems - whole organisms

51
Q

what is function of erythrocytes

A

carries oxygen

52
Q

what is structure of erythrocytes

A

have flattene bionconcave shape to increase SA: V ration and no nuclei therefore more haemoglobin to carry more oxygen, THey are flexible to squeenze through narrow capilaries

53
Q

what is role of neutrophils

A

white blood cell with role in immune system

54
Q

what is structure of neutrophils

A

multi-lobed nucleus to squeenze through small gaps to get to sites of infectiom. Granular cytoplasm contains lysosomes that contains enzymes to attack pathogens

55
Q

what is role of sperms cell

A

deliver genetic information to female gamete

56
Q

what is structure of sperm cell

A

have tail for movement and many mitochondria to supply energy. needed to swim. Acrosome on the head contains digestive enzymes to digest protectivce layers around ovum allowing sperm to penetrate and fertilise

57
Q

what is role of palisade cells

A

presnet in mesophyll to absorbs large amounts of light for photosynthesis

58
Q

structure of palisade cells

A

contains many chlorophyll, cells are rectangular boxed shapes which can be closely packed to form a continous layer. Thye have thin cell walls increasing rate of diffusion of co2
large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure
chloroplastd can move within cytoplasmt to asborb more light

59
Q

role of root hair cells

A

surface of root near growing tips to increase SA by growing root hairto increase SA of cell and maximise. uptake of water and mineral ions

60
Q

role of guard cells

A

surface of leaves to form openings called stomata for co2 to enter plant for photosynthesis

61
Q

waht is structure of guard cells

A

when they lose water they become less swollen as a result of osmotic fores therefore change shape and close stomata to prevent further water loss
cell wall of guard call is thicker on one side so cell does not change shape symettricllay

62
Q

what is a tissue

A

made up of a collection of differentiation cells that have a specific function

63
Q

what is nervous tissue

A

adapted to support transmission of electrical impulses

64
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

adapted to cover body surfaces, internal and external

65
Q

what is muscle tissue

A

adapted to contract

66
Q

what is connective tissue

A

adaptef to hold otbher tissue together or as a transport medium

67
Q

what is squamous epithelium

A

made up of specialised squamous epithelial cells to form lining of lungs for rapid diffusion of oxygen into lungs
very thin due to flat cells and is one cell thick

68
Q

what is ciliated epithelium

A

made of ciliated epithelial cells
habe cilia that lines trachea to swept mucus away from lungs
contain goblet cells which produce mucus to trap unwanted particles preventing it from reaching alveoli

69
Q

what is cartilage

A

connective tissue in ear and noise and end of bones
contains fibre of elastrin and collagen
it is composed of chondrocyte cells in an extracellular matrix.
prevents end of bones from rubbing against each other caysing damage

70
Q

what is muscle

A

tissue that contracts to move bones
skeletal muscle fibres contain myofibrils ( dark pink ) which contain contractile proteins

71
Q

what is epidermis tissue

A

adapted to cover plant surfaces

72
Q

what is vascular tissue

A

adapted for transport of water and nutrients

73
Q

what is epidermis

A

single layer of closely packed cells covering surface of plants
covered in waxy , waterproof cuticle to reduce loss of water
contains stomata
allow co2 , o2 and water vapour in and out

74
Q

what is xylem

A

vascular tissue
transport of water and mineral ions throughtout plant
composed of vessel elements which are elongated dead cells
walls of these cells are strenghtened with waterproof material called lignin provifing structural support

75
Q

what is phloem

A

vascular tissue
transport of organic nutrients from leabes and stems to where it is needed
compose dof columsn on sieve tube cells seperated by perforated walls called sieve plates

76
Q

what is an organ

A

collection of tissues adapted to perform particular function in an organism

77
Q

what is organ system

A

collection of organs working together to carry out a major function

78
Q

what is digestive system

A

breaks down large insoluble molecules into small solbules ones, absorbs nutrients into blood, retains water, removes undigested material from blood

79
Q

what is cardiovascular system

A

moves blood around body and provides effective trasnprti system for the substance it carries

80
Q

what is gaseous exchange system

A

brings air into body so oxygen can be extracted for respiration and co2 can be expelled

81
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells

82
Q

what are toti-potent cells

A

stem cells that differentiate into ant type of cells such as extra-embryonic tissues lime umbilicus. can therefore produce whole organisms

83
Q

what are pluri-potent cells

A

differentiate into all tissue types but not whole organisms. Present in early embryos

84
Q

what are multi-potent cells

A

form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

85
Q

where are all blood cells derived from

A

stem cells in bone marrow

86
Q

why do red blood cells have short life spans

A

no nucleus

87
Q

what are embryonic stem cells

A

cells present at early stage of embryo development and are totipotent. After 7 days, a mass of cells called blastocytes are fomred and cells are now pluripotent

88
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

found throughout life from birth. They are mulitpotent but may be aritificallt triggered to pluripotent cells
can be harvested from unbilical cords

89
Q

what plant tissue is a source of stem cell

A

meristematic tissue ( pluripotent)

90
Q

what are uses of stem cells

A

-treat heart disease
- treat type 1 diabetes
- treat parkinsons to produce dopamine producing cells
- treat alzheimers
-burns by producing new skin
- drug trials

biology (17 decks)

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