chapter 11 - biodiversity

Question 1

what is habitat biodiversity

Answer 1

number of different habitats found within an area

Question 2

what are the 2 types of species biodiversity

Answer 2

species richness - number of different species living in a particular area

species evenness - a comparison of number of individuals of each species living in a community

Question 3

what is genetic biodiversity

Answer 3

the variety of genes that make up a species

Question 4

what is random sampling

Answer 4

selecting individuals by chance

Question 5

what is opportunity samping

Answer 5

uses organisms that are conveniently available

Question 6

what is a con of opportunistic sampling

Answer 6

may not be representative of the population

Question 7

what is stratified sampling

Answer 7

populations divided into subgroups based on a particular characteristic

Question 8

what is systematic sampling

Answer 8

sampling different areas of a habitat using line transect or belt transect to see how species change as you move

Question 9

what is the difference between line transect and belt transect

Answer 9

line transect marks a line along the ground between 2 pole and taking samples at specified points
belt transect provides more information - 2 parallel lines are marked and samples are taken of area between 2 lines

Question 10

why is a sample never entirely representative of the organisms present in a habitat

Answer 10

sampling bias
chance

Question 11

what is a pooter

Answer 11

used to catch small insects by sucking on a mouthpiece and drawing insects in

Question 12

what is a sweep net

Answer 12

used to catch insects in areas of long grass

Question 13

what is a pitfall trap

Answer 13

catch small crawling invertebrates by digging hole in ground which insects fall into

Question 14

what is tree beating

Answer 14

white cloth is stretched out under the tree and tree is shaken to dislodge invertebrates

Question 15

what is kick sampling

Answer 15

studies organisms living in river. The river bed is kicked for a long period of time to disturb substrate and net is held downstream to capture organisms released into flowing water

Question 16

what is a point quadrat

Answer 16

consists of a frame containing horizontal bar. At set intervals along the bar, long pins can be pushed through the bar to reach ground. Each species of plant the pin touches is recorded

Question 17

what is a frame quadrat

Answer 17

consists of square frame divided into grid of equal sections

Question 18

what are the 3 ways of sampling population

Answer 18

density
frequency
percentage cover

Question 19

what are abiotic factors

Answer 19

non-living conditions in a habitat

Question 20

what are some abiotic factors

Answer 20

wind speed
light intensity
relative humidity
pH
temperature
oxygen content in water

Question 21

why is genetic biodiversity important

Answer 21

the more different alleles, the more genetically diverse therefore more likely to adapt to changes in environment so can survive

Question 22

what increases genetic biodiversity

Answer 22

mutation, creating a new allele
interbreeding between different populations transferring alleles ( gene flow)

Question 23

what decreases genetic biodiversity

Answer 23

selective breeding
captive breeding programmes
rare breeds
artificial cloning ( asexual)
natural selection
genetic bottlenecks ( alleles survived from sudden event)
founder effect - small number of individuals create a new colony with small gene pool
genetic drift -

Question 24

what is polymorphic gene

Answer 24

have more than one allele

Question 25

what is immunoglobin for

Answer 25

plays role in determining blood type

Question 26

what are the 3 alleles for immunoglobin ( polymorphic gene)

Answer 26

I^A = results in production of antigen A
I^B = results in production of antigen B
I^0 = results in production of neither antigen

Question 27

what is formula for proportion of polymorphic gene loci

Answer 27

number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of gene loci

Question 28

factors affecting biodiversity

Answer 28

deforestation
agriculture
climate change

Question 29

reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 29

aesthetic reason
economic reasons - soil errosion by deforestation reduces ability to grow crops and feed people
ecological reasons

Question 30

what is insitu conservation

Answer 30

conservation within natural habitat

Question 31

what is ex situ conservation

Answer 31

conservation out of the natural habitat

Question 32

what are insitu ways of maintaining biodiversity

Answer 32

controlled grazing
restricting human access
controlling poaching
feeding animals
reintroduction fo new species

Question 33

what are methods of ex situ conservation

Answer 33

botanic gardens
seed banks

Question 34

why may some organisms not be released into the wild

Answer 34

loss of resistance to diseases
behaviour is innate so has to learn behaviour to survive
genetic races - can no longer interbreed with original population
loss of habitat

Question 35

what is the international union for conservation of nature agreement ( IUCN)

Answer 35

lists details of endangered species and countries work together to conserve these

Question 36

what is convention on international trades of endangered species ( CITES)

Answer 36

regulates international trade of spcies

Question 37

what is the rio convention

Answer 37

meeting to create agreements such as convention on biological diversity to develop national strategies for sustainable development to ensure maintenance of biodiversity

Question 38

what is countryside stewardship scheme

Answer 38

offers payments to farmers to conserve landscape
Aims of the scheme include:
- sustain the beauty and diversity of the landscape
- improving wildlife habitats
- restore neglected lands
- improving opportunities for countryside enjoyment