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biology > chapter 10 - classification and evolution > Flashcards

chapter 10 - classification and evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is classification

A

the name given to the process by which living organisms are sorted into groups

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2
Q

what are the 7 taxonomic groups

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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3
Q

why do scientists classify organisms

A

to identify species
to predict characteristics
to find evolutionary links

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4
Q

what are the 3 domains when seperating organisms

A

arachea, bacteria and eukarya

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5
Q

what are species

A

a group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

why are miles and hinnies infertile

A

their parents are different species therefore they have an odd number of chromosomes so meiosis and gamete production cant take place

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7
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

the first word in species name indicate genus
second name indicates species

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8
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

prokaryotae - bacteria
protoctista - unicellular eukaryotes
fungi - yeasts, moulds
plantae - plants
animalia- animal

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9
Q

what are the features of prokaryotae

A

unicellular
no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
small ribosomes
no visible feeding mechanism ( nutrients absorbed through cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis)

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10
Q

what are the features of protoctista

A

mainly unicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
some have chloroplasts
some are sessile but others move by cilia
nutrients acquired by photosynthesis , or ingestion of other organisms or both ( parasites)

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11
Q

what are autotrophic organisms

A

nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

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12
Q

what are heterotrophic organisms

A

ingestion of other organisms

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13
Q

what are features of fungi

A

unicellular or multicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles and a cell wall made of chitin
no chloroplasts or chlorophyll
no mechanisms for locomotion
body made of mycellium made of hyphae
gain nutrients by absorbing decaying material
store food as glycogen

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14
Q

what are saprophytic feeders

A

absorb nutrients from decaying material

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15
Q

what are features of plantae

A

multicellular
has nucleus and membrane bound organelles
has chloroplasts and chlorophyll
has cell wall made of cellulose
do not move but gametes move by cilia
autotrophic
store food as starch

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16
Q

what are features of animalia

A

multicellular
has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
no cell wall
no chloroplasts
move with aid of cilia , flagella or contractile proteins
heterotrophic
store food as glycogen

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17
Q

what are the differences in 3 domains

A

sequence of nucleotides in rRNA , cell membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics

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18
Q

what are the features of eukarya

A

80S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

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19
Q

what are the features of archaea

A

70S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains between 8 and 10 proteins

20
Q

what are the features of bacteria

A

70S ribosomes
RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

21
Q

what 2 kingdoms does the prokarotae kingdom split 2

A

archaebacteria
eubacteria

22
Q

what is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria

A

archaebacteria has different chemical makeup
e.g eubacteria has cell wall made of peptidoglycan whereas archaebacteria does not

23
Q

what is archaebacteria

A

live in extreme conditions such as acidic, anaerobic

24
Q

what are methanogens

A

archaebacteria that live in anaerobic conditions such as sewage treatment plants and make methane

25
Q

what is eubacteria

A

found in all environments

26
Q

what is phylogeny

A

name given to the evolutionary relationship between organisms

27
Q

what are the advantages of phylogenetic classification

A

can be done with reference to Linnaean classification
produces a continuous tree whereas classification required to discrete taxonomical groups
hierarchal nature of linnaean classification can be misleading as it implies different groups within same rank are equivalent

28
Q

what are the evidence of evolution

A

paleontology - study of fossils and fossil record
comparitive anatomy - study of similarities and differences between organisms anatomy
comparitive biochemistry - similarities and differences between chemical makeup of organisms

29
Q

what is the evidence provided by fossil record ( paleontology)

A

fossils of simplest organisms such as bacteria are found in oldest rocks therefore support evolutionary theory that simple life forms gradually to more complex ones

sequence in organisms are found matches ecological links for example plant fossils appear before animal fossils therefore showing animal need plants to survive

by studying similarities in anatomy of fossil organisms we can see how closely related organisms have evolved

fossils allow relationships between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

30
Q

what are the disadvantages of fossil record

A

many organisms are soft bodies and decompose quickly before they have a chance to fossilise

31
Q

what is homologous structure

A

structure that appears superficially different and may perform different functions in different organisms but has same underlying structure

32
Q

what is divergent evolution

A

describes how different species have evolved from a common ancestor each with a different set of adaptive features

33
Q

why does divergent evolution occur

A

when closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat

34
Q

what is evolutionary embryology

A

shows how similar different animals develop so processes of embryonic development has common origin

35
Q

what is intraspecific variation

A

differences between organisms within a species

36
Q

what is interspecific variation

A

difference between different species

37
Q

what factors cause variation

A

differences in genetic material an organism inherits from parents leads to genetic variation
environment in which organism lives - environmental variation

38
Q

what causes genetic variation

A

different alleles
mutations
meiosis by independent assortment and crossing over
sexual reproduction
chance

39
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations

A

anatomical - physical features
behavioural - way organism acts
physiological - processes that take place inside organism

40
Q

what are adaptations of marram grass ( xerophyte)

A

curled leaves
hairs on inside surface of leaves
sunket stomata
thick waxy cuticle

41
Q

what are some anatomical adaptations

A

body covering
camouflage
teeth
mimicry

42
Q

what are some behavioural adaptations

A

survival behaviours
courtship
seasonal behaviour
migration
hibernation

43
Q

what are the 2 categories of behavioural adaptations

A

innate - inherited through genes
learned - learnt from experience or observing other animals

44
Q

what are some physiological adaptations

A

poison production
antibiotic production
water holding

45
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

when unrelated species share similar traits

46
Q

what are analogous structure

A

when species have structures with same function but different genetic origin

47
Q

what causes natural selection

A

selection pressures

biology (17 decks)

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