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chapter 3 - biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what are lipids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

what are proteins made of

A

carbon, hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen and sulfur

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4
Q

what are nucleic acids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen and phosphorus

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5
Q

what are polymers

A

polymers are long chain molecules made up of multiple monomers

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of water

A

high boiling point
liquid at room temperature
high specific heat of capacity
the high heat of vaporation
ice is less dense than water
cohesive and adhesive
solvent

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7
Q

why is it important for life than water acts as a solvent

A

water can be used to dissolve solutes in the cytosol of prokaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes
polar molecules such as amino acid, protein can be dissolved
water acts as a medium for chemical reactions and helps transport dissolved compounds in and out of cells

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8
Q

why is cohesion and adhesion important for life

A

water can exhibit capillary action so can rise up a narrow tube against gravity
water is stable so does not freeze or get hot quickly

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9
Q

why is ice being less dense than water important

A

ice floats above water creating an insulating layer preventing freezing of pond

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10
Q

what are some monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose ,ribose

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11
Q

what are some polysaccharides

A

glycogen , cellulose and starch

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12
Q

what are the properties of glucose

A

polar and soluble in water so can be dissolved in cytosol

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13
Q

what bond and reaction is taken place at 2 glucose molecules

A

glycosidic bond. Condensation reaction

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14
Q

what is starch made up of

A

a-glucose

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15
Q

what are the properties of amylose in starch

A

formed by 1,4 glycosidic bonds of a-glucose which creates a long chain of helix twists stabilising the hydrogen bonds, making it more compact and less soluble

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16
Q

what are the properties of amylopectin in starch

A

1,4 glycosidic bond of a-glucose but also some 1,6 bonds creating branches so can be hydrolysed quicker
insoluble

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17
Q

where is starch found

A

chemical energy storage in plants

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18
Q

where is glycogen found

A

animal and fungi

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19
Q

what is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

glycogen has more branches

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20
Q

what are the properties of glycogen

A

branches so more compact , taking less space to store
hydrolysed quicker
insoluble

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21
Q

how is cellulose formed

A

alternating b-glucose molecules

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22
Q

how does cellulose form fibres

A

cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds to create microfibrils. The microfibrils join together to make macrofibrils which combine to form fibres

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23
Q

properties of fibres

A

strong, insoluble so used in cell wall
hard to digest

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24
Q

what does a triglyceride contain

A

one glycerol ( alcohol) and 3 fatty acids

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25
what are the bonds and reactions in a triglyceride
ester bond esterification
26
what are saturated triglycerides
no double bonds so is a fat
27
what are unsaturated triglycerides
double bond causing chain to bend so carbon dont pack closely together therefore being liquid at room temperature ( oil)
28
what are phopholipds
one glycerol , two fatty acids, one phophate ion
29
what are properties of phospholipids
hydrophilic phophate head hydrophobic fatty acid chains
30
uses of phospholipids
these properties make them a surfactant form a bilayer used in cell membranes
31
what are some lipids
sterol , cholesterol
32
roles of lipids
due to their non-polar: - membrane formation hormone production electrical insulation for impulse transmission waterproofing also stored under skin for: - thermal insulation buoyancy cushioning
33
what are peptides
polymer made of amino acids
34
what bonds are in peptides
peptide bond
35
how are polypeptides formed
many amino acid joined by peptide bonds catalysed by peptidyl transferase
36
what is the primary structure of a protein
sequence in which amino acids are joined ( peptide bond)
37
what is the secondary structure of a protein?
hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen,nitrogen,hydrogen forming alpha helix or b-pleated sheet
38
what is the tertiary structure of a protein
r groups interact causing folding of protein
39
what is quaternary structure of a protein
forms 2 or more individual proteins called sub-units
40
what are globular proteins
when protein fold in tertiary structure where hydrophilic r groups are on the outside and hydrophobic r groups on the inside
41
properties of globular proteins
compact, water soluble , spherical important for chemical reactions, immunity, muscle contractions
42
what is insulin
insulin is a globular protein. It is a hormone involved in regulation of blood glucose concentration. It is transportd in blood stream so has to be soluble. Need precise shape to fit in receptors
43
what are conjugated proteins
globular proteins with a non protein prosthetic group
44
what are the properties of haemoglobin
globular quaternary protein with 4 subunits , 2 alpha and 2 beta, each containing a haem group containing iron ion which picks up one oxygen molecule each
45
what are the properties of catalase enzyme
quaternary protein 4 haem groups each containing iron ion to allow catalase to interact with hydrogen peroxide to speed up its breakdown
46
what are fibrous proteins
long strong insoluble molecules due to presence of hydrophobic r groups ion primary structure. not folded in 3d
47
what is elastin
fibrous protein soluble tropoelastin linked together stabilised by crosslinking foundin elastic fibres in walls of blood vessels and alveoli flexible
47
what is keratin
fibrous protein in skin , hair and nails has sulfur containing amino acid, cysteine forming strong, inflexible , insoluble disulphide bridge
48
what is collagen
fibrous found in skin , tendon , ligaments made of 3 polypeptides in triple helix strong and flexible every third amino acid is glycine which is small to closley pack protein molecules
49
what does a nucleotide contain
pentose sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base
50
what is the bond in nucleic acid
phosphodiester bond
51
what bases are pyramdines ,
smaller bases, thymine and cytosine
52
what bases are purines
bigger bases, adenine and guanine
53
what does adenine pair with
thymine
54
what does cytosine pair with
guanine
55
how many hydrogen bonds does adenine and thymine form
2
56
how many hydrogen bonds does cytosine and guanine form
3
57
what is the difference between RNA and DNA
dna has deoxyribose sugar, one less oxygen atom thymine replaced by uracil in RNA rna is shorter than dna
57
how does semi-conservative replication happen
dna helicase seperates the 2 strands of DNA . Activated Free nucleotides are attracted to complementary bases. DNA polymerase joins up nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds. Each new DNA now has a new strand and an old strand
58
where does protein synthesis occur
cytoplasm of ribosomes
59
what is transciption
production of shorter molecules RNA
60
what is sense strand
code for the protein
61
what is antisense strand
complementary copy of the code for protein ( template strand)
62
how does transcription happen
DNA unwinds on antisense strand. Free RNA nucleotides will base pair with antisense strand. RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds forming mRNA which detaches from DNA and leaves nucleus by nuclear pores travelling to ribosome
62
how does translation happen
tRNA has 3 bases called anticodon which binds to complementary codon on mRNA , bringing amino acid. All amino acids are brought together to form primary structure
63
what is ATP used for
synthesis of molecules like protein transport such as pumping in active transport movement such as protein fibres for muscle contraction
64
what is ATP used for
synthesis of molecules like protein transport such as pumping in active transport movement such as protein fibres for muscle contraction
65
why is ATP not long term storage
instable
65
why is ATP not long term storage
instable

biology (17 decks)

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