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biology > chapter 3 - biological molecules > Flashcards

chapter 3 - biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what are lipids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

what are proteins made of

A

carbon, hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen and sulfur

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4
Q

what are nucleic acids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen and phosphorus

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5
Q

what are polymers

A

polymers are long chain molecules made up of multiple monomers

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6
Q

what are the characteristics of water

A

high boiling point
liquid at room temperature
high specific heat of capacity
the high heat of vaporation
ice is less dense than water
cohesive and adhesive
solvent

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7
Q

why is it important for life than water acts as a solvent

A

water can be used to dissolve solutes in the cytosol of prokaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes
polar molecules such as amino acid, protein can be dissolved
water acts as a medium for chemical reactions and helps transport dissolved compounds in and out of cells

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8
Q

why is cohesion and adhesion important for life

A

water can exhibit capillary action so can rise up a narrow tube against gravity
water is stable so does not freeze or get hot quickly

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9
Q

why is ice being less dense than water important

A

ice floats above water creating an insulating layer preventing freezing of pond

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10
Q

what are some monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose ,ribose

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11
Q

what are some polysaccharides

A

glycogen , cellulose and starch

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12
Q

what are the properties of glucose

A

polar and soluble in water so can be dissolved in cytosol

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13
Q

what bond and reaction is taken place at 2 glucose molecules

A

glycosidic bond. Condensation reaction

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14
Q

what is starch made up of

A

a-glucose

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15
Q

what are the properties of amylose in starch

A

formed by 1,4 glycosidic bonds of a-glucose which creates a long chain of helix twists stabilising the hydrogen bonds, making it more compact and less soluble

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16
Q

what are the properties of amylopectin in starch

A

1,4 glycosidic bond of a-glucose but also some 1,6 bonds creating branches so can be hydrolysed quicker
insoluble

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17
Q

where is starch found

A

chemical energy storage in plants

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18
Q

where is glycogen found

A

animal and fungi

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19
Q

what is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

glycogen has more branches

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20
Q

what are the properties of glycogen

A

branches so more compact , taking less space to store
hydrolysed quicker
insoluble

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21
Q

how is cellulose formed

A

alternating b-glucose molecules

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22
Q

how does cellulose form fibres

A

cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds to create microfibrils. The microfibrils join together to make macrofibrils which combine to form fibres

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23
Q

properties of fibres

A

strong, insoluble so used in cell wall
hard to digest

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24
Q

what does a triglyceride contain

A

one glycerol ( alcohol) and 3 fatty acids

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25
Q

what are the bonds and reactions in a triglyceride

A

ester bond
esterification

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26
Q

what are saturated triglycerides

A

no double bonds so is a fat

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27
Q

what are unsaturated triglycerides

A

double bond causing chain to bend so carbon dont pack closely together therefore being liquid at room temperature ( oil)

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28
Q

what are phopholipds

A

one glycerol , two fatty acids, one phophate ion

29
Q

what are properties of phospholipids

A

hydrophilic phophate head
hydrophobic fatty acid chains

30
Q

uses of phospholipids

A

these properties make them a surfactant
form a bilayer used in cell membranes

31
Q

what are some lipids

A

sterol , cholesterol

32
Q

roles of lipids

A

due to their non-polar:
- membrane formation
hormone production
electrical insulation for impulse transmission
waterproofing
also stored under skin for:
- thermal insulation
buoyancy
cushioning

33
Q

what are peptides

A

polymer made of amino acids

34
Q

what bonds are in peptides

A

peptide bond

35
Q

how are polypeptides formed

A

many amino acid joined by peptide bonds catalysed by peptidyl transferase

36
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

sequence in which amino acids are joined ( peptide bond)

37
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen bonds formed between oxygen,nitrogen,hydrogen forming alpha helix or b-pleated sheet

38
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

r groups interact causing folding of protein

39
Q

what is quaternary structure of a protein

A

forms 2 or more individual proteins called sub-units

40
Q

what are globular proteins

A

when protein fold in tertiary structure where hydrophilic r groups are on the outside and hydrophobic r groups on the inside

41
Q

properties of globular proteins

A

compact, water soluble , spherical
important for chemical reactions, immunity, muscle contractions

42
Q

what is insulin

A

insulin is a globular protein. It is a hormone involved in regulation of blood glucose concentration. It is transportd in blood stream so has to be soluble. Need precise shape to fit in receptors

43
Q

what are conjugated proteins

A

globular proteins with a non protein prosthetic group

44
Q

what are the properties of haemoglobin

A

globular
quaternary protein with 4 subunits , 2 alpha and 2 beta, each containing a haem group containing iron ion which picks up one oxygen molecule each

45
Q

what are the properties of catalase enzyme

A

quaternary protein
4 haem groups each containing iron ion to allow catalase to interact with hydrogen peroxide to speed up its breakdown

46
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

long strong insoluble molecules due to presence of hydrophobic r groups ion primary structure. not folded in 3d

47
Q

what is elastin

A

fibrous protein
soluble tropoelastin linked together stabilised by crosslinking
foundin elastic fibres in walls of blood vessels and alveoli
flexible

47
Q

what is keratin

A

fibrous protein in skin , hair and nails
has sulfur containing amino acid, cysteine forming strong, inflexible , insoluble disulphide bridge

48
Q

what is collagen

A

fibrous
found in skin , tendon , ligaments
made of 3 polypeptides in triple helix
strong and flexible
every third amino acid is glycine which is small to closley pack protein molecules

49
Q

what does a nucleotide contain

A

pentose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

50
Q

what is the bond in nucleic acid

A

phosphodiester bond

51
Q

what bases are pyramdines ,

A

smaller bases, thymine and cytosine

52
Q

what bases are purines

A

bigger bases, adenine and guanine

53
Q

what does adenine pair with

A

thymine

54
Q

what does cytosine pair with

A

guanine

55
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does adenine and thymine form

A

2

56
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does cytosine and guanine form

A

3

57
Q

what is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

dna has deoxyribose sugar, one less oxygen atom
thymine replaced by uracil in RNA
rna is shorter than dna

57
Q

how does semi-conservative replication happen

A

dna helicase seperates the 2 strands of DNA . Activated Free nucleotides are attracted to complementary bases. DNA polymerase joins up nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds. Each new DNA now has a new strand and an old strand

58
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

A

cytoplasm of ribosomes

59
Q

what is transciption

A

production of shorter molecules RNA

60
Q

what is sense strand

A

code for the protein

61
Q

what is antisense strand

A

complementary copy of the code for protein ( template strand)

62
Q

how does transcription happen

A

DNA unwinds on antisense strand. Free RNA nucleotides will base pair with antisense strand. RNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds forming mRNA which detaches from DNA and leaves nucleus by nuclear pores travelling to ribosome

62
Q

how does translation happen

A

tRNA has 3 bases called anticodon which binds to complementary codon on mRNA , bringing amino acid. All amino acids are brought together to form primary structure

63
Q

what is ATP used for

A

synthesis of molecules like protein
transport such as pumping in active transport
movement such as protein fibres for muscle contraction

64
Q

what is ATP used for

A

synthesis of molecules like protein
transport such as pumping in active transport
movement such as protein fibres for muscle contraction

65
Q

why is ATP not long term storage

A

instable

65
Q

why is ATP not long term storage

A

instable

biology (17 decks)

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