chapter 3 - biological molecules Flashcards
what are carbohydrates made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what are lipids made of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
what are proteins made of
carbon, hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen and sulfur
what are nucleic acids made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen and phosphorus
what are polymers
polymers are long chain molecules made up of multiple monomers
what are the characteristics of water
high boiling point
liquid at room temperature
high specific heat of capacity
the high heat of vaporation
ice is less dense than water
cohesive and adhesive
solvent
why is it important for life than water acts as a solvent
water can be used to dissolve solutes in the cytosol of prokaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes
polar molecules such as amino acid, protein can be dissolved
water acts as a medium for chemical reactions and helps transport dissolved compounds in and out of cells
why is cohesion and adhesion important for life
water can exhibit capillary action so can rise up a narrow tube against gravity
water is stable so does not freeze or get hot quickly
why is ice being less dense than water important
ice floats above water creating an insulating layer preventing freezing of pond
what are some monosaccharides
glucose, fructose ,ribose
what are some polysaccharides
glycogen , cellulose and starch
what are the properties of glucose
polar and soluble in water so can be dissolved in cytosol
what bond and reaction is taken place at 2 glucose molecules
glycosidic bond. Condensation reaction
what is starch made up of
a-glucose
what are the properties of amylose in starch
formed by 1,4 glycosidic bonds of a-glucose which creates a long chain of helix twists stabilising the hydrogen bonds, making it more compact and less soluble
what are the properties of amylopectin in starch
1,4 glycosidic bond of a-glucose but also some 1,6 bonds creating branches so can be hydrolysed quicker
insoluble
where is starch found
chemical energy storage in plants
where is glycogen found
animal and fungi
what is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin
glycogen has more branches
what are the properties of glycogen
branches so more compact , taking less space to store
hydrolysed quicker
insoluble
how is cellulose formed
alternating b-glucose molecules
how does cellulose form fibres
cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds to create microfibrils. The microfibrils join together to make macrofibrils which combine to form fibres
properties of fibres
strong, insoluble so used in cell wall
hard to digest
what does a triglyceride contain
one glycerol ( alcohol) and 3 fatty acids
what are the bonds and reactions in a triglyceride
ester bond
esterification
what are saturated triglycerides
no double bonds so is a fat
what are unsaturated triglycerides
double bond causing chain to bend so carbon dont pack closely together therefore being liquid at room temperature ( oil)