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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8; The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 8; The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the central supporting axis of the body

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle

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3
Q

sesamoid bones

A

form within some tendon in respond to strain

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4
Q

sutural bones

A

extra bones in the skull

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5
Q

articulated

A

dried bones held together by wires and rods to show their spatial relationships to each other

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6
Q

disarticulated

A

bones taken apart so their surface features

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7
Q

bone markings

A

ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces

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8
Q

condyle (articulation)

A

a rounded knob that articulates with another bone

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9
Q

facet (articulation)

A

a smooth, flat slightly concave or convex articular surface

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10
Q

head (articulation)

A

the prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded

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11
Q

crest (extension and projection)

A

a narrow ridge

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12
Q

epicondyle (extension and projection)

A

an expanded region superior to a condyle

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13
Q

line (extension and projection)

A

a slightly raised, elongated ridge

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14
Q

process (extension and projection)

A

any bony prominence

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15
Q

protuberance (extension and projection)

A

a bony outgrowth or protruding part

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16
Q

spine (extension and projection)

A

a sharp, slender, or narrow process

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17
Q

trochanter (extension and projection)

A

two massive processes unique to the femur

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18
Q

tubercle (extension and projection)

A

a small, rounded processes

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19
Q

tuberosity (extension and projection)

A

a rough elevated surface

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20
Q

alveolus (depression)

A

a pit or socket

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21
Q

fossa (depression)

A

a shallow, broad, or elongated basin

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22
Q

fovea (depression)

A

a small pit

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23
Q

sulcus (depression)

A

a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

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24
Q

canal (passage and cavities)

A

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

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25
Q

fissure (passage and cavities)

A

a slit through a bone

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26
Q

foramen (passage and cavities)

A

a hole through a bone, usually round

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27
Q

meatus (passage and cavities)

A

a canal

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28
Q

sinus (passage and cavities)

A

an air-filled space in a bone

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29
Q

sutures

A

immovable joints

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30
Q

cranial cavity

A

encloses the brain

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31
Q

orbits

A

eye sockets

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32
Q

foramina (singular foramen)

A

holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels

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33
Q

cranial bones

A

enclose the brain

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34
Q

cranium

A

braincase

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35
Q

meninges

A

membrane

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36
Q

dura mater

A

thickest and toughest layer against the cranium

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37
Q

foramen magnum

A

where the spinal cord meets the brain

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38
Q

calvaria

A

the dome of the top of the skull (skullcap)

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39
Q

supraorbital foramen or notch

A

supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein; ophthalmic nerve

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40
Q

carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

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41
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

sound waves to eardrum

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42
Q

jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein; glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves

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43
Q

foramen magnum

A

spinal cord, accessory nerve, vertebral arteries

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44
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

hypoglossal nerve to muscles of tongue

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45
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery

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46
Q

foramen rotundum

A

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

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47
Q

optic canal

A

optic nerve, ophthalmic artery

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48
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic veins

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49
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic veins

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50
Q

inferior orbital fissure

A

infraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve, infraorbital vessels

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51
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

infraorbital nerve and vessels

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52
Q

mental foramen

A

mental nerve and vessels

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53
Q

mandibular foramen

A

inferior alveolar nerves and vessels to the lower teeth

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54
Q

base

A

floor

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55
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain

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56
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

drops abruptly deeper, and accommodates the temporal lobes

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57
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

deepest and houses a large posterior division of the brain called the cerebellum

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58
Q

frontal bone

A

extends from the forehead back to a prominent coronal suture

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59
Q

coronal suture

A

crosses the crown of the head from right to left and joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones

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60
Q

supraorbital margin

A

ridge deep to the eyebrows

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61
Q

supraorbital foramen

A

provides passage for a nerve, artery, and veins

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62
Q

supraorbital notch

A

the edge of this foramen breaks through the margin of the orbit

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63
Q

glabella

A

smooth area of the frontal bone just above the root of the nose

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64
Q

parietal bones

A

form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls

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65
Q

sagittal suture

A

between the parietal bones

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66
Q

coronal suture

A

anterior margin

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67
Q

lambdoid suture

A

the posterior margin

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68
Q

parietal foramen

A

an exit for a small vein from a blood sinus atop the brain

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69
Q

temporal lines

A

form an arc across the parietal and frontal bones

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70
Q

temporalis muscle

A

chewing muscle that converges on the mandible

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71
Q

temporal bone

A

forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity

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72
Q

squamous part

A

relatively flat and vertical, encircled by the squamous suture

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73
Q

zygomatic process

A

extends anteriorly to form part of the zygomatic arch

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74
Q

mandibular fossa

A

a depression where the mandible articulates with the cranium

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75
Q

tympanic part

A

small ring of bone that borders the opening of the external acoustic meatus

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76
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

ear canal

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77
Q

styloid process

A

provides attachment for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone

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78
Q

mastoid part

A

lies posterior to the tympanic part

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79
Q

mastoid process

A

a prominent lump behind the earlobe and is filled with small air sinuses that communicate with the middle-ear cavity

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80
Q

mastoiditis

A

inflammation of the mastoid process

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81
Q

mastoid notch

A

a groove lies medial to the mastoid process

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82
Q

digastric muscle

A

opens the mouth

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83
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

a passage for the facial nerve

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84
Q

mastoid foramen

A

passes a small artery and vein from the brain

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85
Q

petrous part

A

houses the middle and inner ear cavities that separates the cranial fossa from the posterior fossa

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86
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

an opening on its posteromedial surface, allows passage of a nerve that carries signals for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain

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87
Q

carotid canal

A

passage for the internal carotid artery

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88
Q

jugular foramen

A

a large, irregular opening just medial to the styloid process, between the temporal and occipital bones

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89
Q

occipital bone

A

forms near the rear of the skull and much of its base

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90
Q

foramen magnum

A

admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity

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91
Q

basilar part

A

the occipital bone continues anterior to this as a thick median plate

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92
Q

occipital condyle

A

where the skull rests on the vertebral column

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93
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

passes through it to innervate the muscles of the tongue

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94
Q

condylar canal

A

found posterior to each occipital condyle

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95
Q

external occipital protuberance

A

prominent medial bump on the occipital bone

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96
Q

nuchal ligament

A

binds the skull to the vertebral column

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97
Q

superior nuchal line

A

a ridge that can be traced horizontally from the external occipital protuberance toward the mastoid process

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98
Q

inferior nuchal line

A

provides attachment for some of the deep neck muscles

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99
Q

sphenoid bone

A

complex shape with a thick median body and outstretched greater and lesser wings which give the bone as a whole a ragged mothlike shape

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100
Q

optic canal

A

permits passage of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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101
Q

anterior clinoid processes

A

a pair of bony spines of the lesser wing that appears to guard the optic foramina

102
Q

superior optical fissure

A

a gash in the posterior wall of the orbit

103
Q

sella turcica

A

consists of a deep pit called the hypophyseal fossa, which houses the pituitary gland

104
Q

tuberculum sellae

A

a raised anterior margin

105
Q

dorsum sellae

A

posterior margin

106
Q

foramen rotundum and foramen ovale

A

passages for two branches of the trigeminal nerve

107
Q

foramen spinosum

A

provides passage for an artery of the meninges

108
Q

foramen lacerum

A

an irregular gash that occurs at the junction of the sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

109
Q

posterior nasal apertures (choanae)

A

internal openings of the nasal cavity

110
Q

medial and lateral pterygoid plates

A

lateral to each aperture, the sphenoid bone exhibits a pair of parallel plates

111
Q

pterygoid process

A

narrow inferior extension between each plate

112
Q

ethmoid bone

A

anterior cranial bone located between the eyes that contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum

113
Q

perpendicular plate

A

a thin median plate of bone that forms the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum

114
Q

vomer

A

lower part of perpendicular plate

115
Q

nasal fossae

A

the septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left air spaces

116
Q

cribriform plate

A

forms the roof of the nasal cavity

117
Q

crista galli

A

an attachment point for the dura mater

118
Q

cribiform (olfactory) foramina

A

elongated depressed area perforated with numerous holes

119
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

rests in the cribriform foramina that are concerned with the sense of smell

120
Q

labyrinth

A

large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

121
Q

ethmoidal cells

A

maze of air spaces

122
Q

superior and middle nasal conchae

A

project into the nasal fossa from its lateral wall toward the septum

123
Q

inferior nasal concha

A

largest of the three is a separate bone

124
Q

facial bones

A

do not enclose the brain but lie anterior to the cranial cavity, they support the orbital, nasal, and oral cavities, shape the face, and provide attachment for the muscles of facial expression and mastication

125
Q

maxillae

A

largest facial bones that form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median intermaxillary suture

126
Q

alveolar processes

A

small joints of maxillary bone

127
Q

alveolus

A

deep socket that holds the root of each tooth

128
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

provides passage for a blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensations from the nasal region and cheek

129
Q

inferior orbital fissure

A

a gash that angles downward and medially

130
Q

palate

A

forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity

131
Q

hard palate

A

bony anterior part of mouth

132
Q

soft palate

A

fleshy posterior part of mouth

133
Q

palatine processes

A

horizontal extensions of the maxilla

134
Q

incisive fossa

A

a passage for an artery to the palate and a nerve to the lower part of the nasal septum and the six front teeth

135
Q

cleft palate

A

failure of palatine process to join normallly

136
Q

palatine bones

A

divide the oral and nasal cavities from each other posteriorly

137
Q

horizontal plate

A

form the posterior one-third of the bony palate

138
Q

perpendicular plate

A

thin, delicate, irregularly shaped plate that forms part of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbit

139
Q

greater palatine foramen

A

nerve passage to the palate

140
Q

zygomatic bones

A

form the angles of the cheeks at the inferolateral margins of the orbits and part of the lateral wall of each orbit

141
Q

zygomaticofacial foramen

A

each zygomatic bone has an inverted T shape and near the intersection of the stem and crossbar of the T

142
Q

lacrimal bones

A

form part of the medial wall of each orbit

143
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

houses a membranous lacrimal sac in life

144
Q

nasal bones

A

form the bridge of the nose and support cartilages that shape its lower portion

145
Q

ramus

A

vertical to oblique posterior portion

146
Q

angle

A

two portions meet at a corner

147
Q

mental symphysis

A

median cartilaginous joint at the point of the chin

148
Q

mental protuberance

A

point of the chin

149
Q

mental foramen

A

permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels of the chin

150
Q

masseter

A

muscle of mastication

151
Q

condylar process

A

posterior branch of the ramus

152
Q

mandibular condyle

A

an oval knob that articulate with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

153
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

meeting of the condyle with the temporal bone forming a hinge

154
Q

coronoid process

A

anterior branch of the ramus

155
Q

mandibular notch

A

u-shaped arch between the two processes

156
Q

mandibular foramen

A

on the medial surface of the ramus

157
Q

auditory ossicles

A

consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes

158
Q

hyoid bone

A

a slender u-shaped bone between the chin and larynx

159
Q

stylohyoid ligaments and muscles

A

parts of the styloid process of the skull

160
Q

greater and lesser horns (cornua)

A

hornlike projections

161
Q

fontanelles

A

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

162
Q

metopic suture

A

forms in kids if there frontal bones did not close

163
Q

vertebral column (spine)

A

physically supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord, and absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting

164
Q

vertebrae

A

chain of 33 in spine

165
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7 vertebrae in the neck

166
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae in the chest

167
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5 in the lower back

168
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A

4 tiny ones at the very bottom of the spine

169
Q

primary curvatures

A

primary at birth

170
Q

secondary curvature

A

develop later

171
Q

centrum

A

body of a vertebrae

172
Q

vertebral foramen

A

triangular space posterior to the body of each vertebra

173
Q

vertebral canal

A

a passage for the spinal cord

174
Q

vertebral arch

A

consists of the pedicle and lamina

175
Q

spinous process

A

a projection that extends from the apex of the arch

176
Q

transverse process

A

extends laterally from the point where the pedicle and lamina meet

177
Q

superior articular processes

A

projects upward from one vertebra and meets a similar pair of inferior articular processes that projects downward from the vertebra above

178
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

an opening between their pedicles

179
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage

180
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

a ring of fibrocartilage

181
Q

herniated disc

A

out-pouch of nucleus

182
Q

atlas

A

vertebra c1 (it supports the head in a manner reminiscent by Zeus to carry the heavens)

183
Q

lateral mass

A

on each side of vertebral foramen

184
Q

superior articular facet

A

deeply concave that articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull

185
Q

inferior articular facets

A

comparatively flat or only slightly concave, articulate with C2

186
Q

anterior and posterior arch

A

connects the lateral masses

187
Q

anterior and posterior tubercle

A

slight protuberances

188
Q

axis

A

vertebra c2 that allows rotation of the head as in gesturing “no”

189
Q

dens (odontoid process)

A

prominent knob

190
Q

transverse ligament

A

hold the vertebral foramen of the atlas

191
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A

the articulation between the atlas and the cranium

192
Q

atlantoaxial joint

A

the one between the atlas and axis

193
Q

transverse foramen

A

prominent round thingy that is in each transverse process

194
Q

nuchal ligament

A

attachment provided by bifid for the back of the neck

195
Q

vertebral arteries

A

supply the blood to the brain

196
Q

vertebral veins

A

drain blood from various neck structures

197
Q

vertebra prominens

198
Q

transverse costal facet

A

shallow cuplike feature at the end of each transverse process

199
Q

costal facets

A

small, smooth, slightly concave spots

200
Q

sacrum

A

bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle

201
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

lowest part of spine

202
Q

anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina

A

allow for passage of nerves and arteries to the pelvic organs

203
Q

median sacral crest

A

ridge that was the spinous processes of the vertebrae before fusion

204
Q

lateral sacral crest

A

tranverse processes fuse into a less prominent feature on each side of the median crest

205
Q

posterior sacral foramina

A

four pairs of openings for spinal nerves

206
Q

sacral canal

A

runs through the sacrum and ends in an inferior opening called the sacral hiatus

207
Q

sacral hiatus

A

inferior opening

208
Q

auricular surface

A

ear-shaped region on each side of the sacrum

209
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

strong, nearly immovable feature that is on the hip bone

210
Q

sacral promontory

A

supports the body of vertebra L5

211
Q

superior articular processes

A

articulates with the vertebra L5

212
Q

alae

A

large, rough, winglike extensions

213
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A

four tiny features that fuse by age 20-30 that form the coccyx

214
Q

coccyx

A

made from 4 vertebrae that are fused

215
Q

horns (cornua)

A

serve as an attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum

216
Q

thoracic cage

A

consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

217
Q

costal margin

A

arc of lower ribs

218
Q

sternum

A

bony plate anterior to the heart

219
Q

manubrium

A

broad superior portion, shaped like the knot of a necktie

220
Q

suprasternal (jugular) notch

A

between the two clavicles

221
Q

clavicular notches

A

articulates with the clavicles

222
Q

gladiolus

A

longest part of the sternum

223
Q

sternal angle

A

can be palpated as a transverse

224
Q

siphoid process

A

provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles

225
Q

ribs

226
Q

costal cartilage

A

anterior attachment is by way of a long strip of hyaline cartilage

227
Q

tubercle

A

point of attachment to the transverse costal facet of the same vertebra

228
Q

superior articular facet

A

joins the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above

229
Q

inferior articular facet

A

joins the superior costal facet of vertebra below

230
Q

costal groove

A

marks the path of the intercostal blood vessels and nerve

231
Q

true ribs

232
Q

false ribs

233
Q

floating ribs

A

ribs 11 and 12

234
Q

pectoral girdle

A

supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton

235
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

236
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

237
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

medial end of the clavicle articulation with the sternum

238
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

lateral end articulates with the scapula

239
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

scapula articulates with the humerus

240
Q

sternal end

A

rounded, hammerlike head

241
Q

acromial end

A

markedly flattened

242
Q

conoid tubercle

A

a ligament attachment that faces toward the rear and slightly downward

243
Q

acromion

A

platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder

244
Q

coracoid process

A

vague resemblance to a crew’s beak

245
Q

glenoid cavity

A

shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint

246
Q

humerus

A

head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

247
Q

anatomical neck

A

smooth surface of the head is bordered by a groove

248
Q

intertubercular sulcus

A

between the greater and lesser tubercles that accomodates a tendon of the biceps muscle

249
Q

surgical neck

A

narrowing of the bone just distal to the tubercles

250
Q

deltoid tuberosity

A

an insertion for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder

251
Q

capitulum

A

lateral side of the humerus that is shaped like a wide tire and articulates with the radius

252
Q

trochlea

A

pulleylike and articulates with the ulna

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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