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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3; Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3; Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

scientific study of cells

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2
Q

cellulae

A

little cells

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3
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid within cells

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4
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the living things arise form nonliving matter

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5
Q

cell theory

A

the theory that all things are made of cells

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6
Q

squamous

A

thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a huge bulge where the nucleus is

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7
Q

cuboidal

A

squarish-looking in frontal sections and about equal in height and width

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8
Q

columnar

A

distinctly taller than wide

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9
Q

polygonal

A

having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides

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10
Q

stellate

A

having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of a cell

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11
Q

spheroidal to ovoid

A

round to oval

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12
Q

discoid

A

disc-shaped

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13
Q

fusiform

A

spindle-shaped, elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends

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14
Q

fibrous

A

long, slender, and threadlike

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15
Q

micrometer

A

one millionth of a meter, one thousandth of a millimeter

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16
Q

empty magnification

A

if enlargement fails to reveal any ore useful detail

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17
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution

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18
Q

vascular corrosion

A

visually stunning application of SEM

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19
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell

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20
Q

organelles

A

diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell

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21
Q

inclusions

A

foreign matter or stored cell products

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22
Q

cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

clear gel inside the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions

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23
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluids not contained in the cells

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24
Q

tissue fluid (intersitital)

A

the ECF located amid the cells

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25
Q

intracellular face

A

the side that faces the cytoplasm

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26
Q

extracellular face

A

side that faces outward

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27
Q

glycocalyx

A

a carbohydrate coating on the cell surface with multiple functions described shortly

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28
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate into the phospholipid layer or all the way through it

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29
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

those that pass through completely through

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30
Q

peripheral proteins

A

do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to one face of the membrane

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31
Q

receptors

A

cell communicators

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32
Q

second-messenger systems

A

when a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm

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33
Q

enzymes

A

carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules

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34
Q

enzymes

A

carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules

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35
Q

channel proteins

A

proteins that move through channels

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36
Q

leak channels

A

channels that are always open and allow materials to pass through continually

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37
Q

gates (gated channels)

A

channels that open and close under different circumstances and allow solutes through at some times, but not others

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38
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

respond to chemical stimuli

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39
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

respond to changes in electrical potential across the plasma membrane

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40
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

respond to physical stress on a cell

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41
Q

channelopathies

A

defects in channel proteins are responsible for a family of disease

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42
Q

carriers

A

transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane

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43
Q

pumps

A

carriers that sometimes consume ATP in the process of transfer

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44
Q

cell-identify markers

A

glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx that enables our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders

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45
Q

cell-adhesion molecules

A

cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins

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46
Q

G protein

A

named for the ATP-like chemical, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), from which they get their energy

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47
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

when activated by the receptor, a G protein relays the signal to another membrane protein

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48
Q

cyclic AMP

A

adenylate cyclase removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cAMP

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49
Q

kinases

A

cyclic AMP then activates cytoplasmic enzymes

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50
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy coat made of the carbohydrate moieties glycolipids and glycoproteins

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51
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area

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52
Q

brush border

A

on some cells, they are very dense and appear as a fringe

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53
Q

terminal web

A

actin filaments attach to the inside of the plasma membrane at the tip of the microvillus, and at its base they extend a little way into the cell and anchor the microvillus to a protein mesh

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54
Q

primary cilium

A

a few micrometers long whose function is unknown

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55
Q

ciliopathies

A

cilia that are responsible for several hereditary disease

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56
Q

ventricles

A

internal cavities

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57
Q

efferent ductules

A

short ducts

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58
Q

power stroke

A

each cilium bends stiffly forward and produces a power stroke that pushes along the mucus or other matter

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59
Q

recovery stroke

A

occurs after a power stroke that restores it to the upright position, ready to flex again

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60
Q

chloride pumps

A

in the apical plasma membrane that produce the layer by pumping CI- into ECF

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61
Q

axoneme

A

the structural basis for ciliary movement

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62
Q

microtubules

A

an array of thin protein cylinders

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63
Q

basal body

A

anchors the cilium

64
Q

dynein arms

A

helps the dynein “crawl” up the adjacent pair of microtubules

65
Q

flagellum

A

the whip-like tail of the sperm

66
Q

9+2 structure

A

two central microtubules surrounded by a ring of nine microtubule pairs

67
Q

9+0 structure

A

the primary cilia, which cannot move, lack the two central microtubules but still have the nine peripheral pairs

68
Q

pseudopods

A

cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape from fine, filamentous processes to blunt fingerlike ones

69
Q

amoeba

A

a freshwater organism that crawls and captures food by means of pseudopods

70
Q

neutrophils

A

white blood cells that crawl about like amebae by means of fingerlike pseudopods

71
Q

macrophages

A

tissue cells that are derived from certain white blood cells-reach out with thin filaments pseudopods to snare bacteria and cell debris and “reel them in” to be digested by cleaned up

72
Q

selectively permeable

A

allows some things through

73
Q

carrier-mediated

A

use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other, but some transport processes do not involve carriers

74
Q

simple diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion

75
Q

dialysis membranes

A

membranes in which dialysis diffusion occurs for kidney patients

76
Q

temperature

A

diffusion is driven by the kinetic energy of the particles, and temperature is a measure of that kinetic energy

77
Q

molecular weight

A

heavy molecules move more sluggish and diffuse more slowly

78
Q

“steepness” of the concentration gradient

A

the steepness of a gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points

79
Q

membrane surface area

A

the apical surface of cells specialized for absorption

80
Q

membrane permeability

A

diffusion through a membrane depends on how permeable it is to the particles

81
Q

osmosis

A

the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other

82
Q

hydration sphere

A

formed by the accumulation of water on the high-solute side is that when water molecules encounter a solute particles

83
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins for water

84
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

when water is heavier on one side than the other

85
Q

osmotic pressure

A

when hydrostatic pressure is required on one side to halt osmosis

86
Q

reverse osmosis

A

a process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure

87
Q

capillary filtration

A

the heart drives water out of the smallest blood vessels by reverse osmosis

88
Q

osmolarity

A

osmotic concentration

89
Q

milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)

A

a unit of measure that expresses the quantity of nonpermeating particles per liter of solution

90
Q

tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

91
Q

hypotonic

A

a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF)

92
Q

hypertonic

A

one with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF

93
Q

isotonic

A

total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF

94
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

a solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane, which then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side

95
Q

specificity

A

when a certain enzyme carrier cannot transport their stuff

96
Q

saturation

A

solute concentration increases

97
Q

transport maximum

A

the carriers are saturated-no more are available to handle the increased demand and transport levels off at a rate

98
Q

uniport

A

carries only one type of solute

99
Q

cotransport

A

some carriers move two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction

100
Q

symport

A

carrier protein that performs

101
Q

countertransport

A

other carriers move two or more solutes in opposite directions

102
Q

antiport

A

carrier protein during countertransport

103
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

continually removes Na+ from the cell and brings in K+

104
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

105
Q

primary active transport

A

a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP

106
Q

secondary active transport

A

requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP

107
Q

regulation of cell volume

A

certain anions are confined to the cell and cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

108
Q

resting membrane potential

A

all living cells have an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane

109
Q

heat production

A

when the weather turns chilly, we turn up not only the furnace in our home but also the “furnace” in our body

110
Q

vesicular transport

A

move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane, contained in bubble like vesicles of membrane

111
Q

vesicles

A

structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer

112
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell

113
Q

exocytosis

A

those that release material from a cell

114
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing particles

115
Q

phagosome

A

a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane

116
Q

phagolysosome

A

a lysosome merges with the phagosome, converting it to phagolysosome

117
Q

pinocytosis

A

process of taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell

118
Q

pinocytotic vesicles

A

is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles suspended in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane,

119
Q

clathrin

A

pit coated with a peripheral membrane protein

120
Q

low-density lipoproteins

A

protein-coated droplets of cholesterol and other lipids of cholesterol and other lipids in the blood

121
Q

clathrin coated vesicles

A

most prominent form of traffic from the plasma membrane to endosomes (endocytosis), a pathway by which ligands enter cells.

122
Q

exocytosis

A

a process of discharging material from a cell

123
Q

microfilaments (thin filaments)

A

about 6 nm thick and are made of the protein actin

124
Q

terminal web (membrane skeleton)

A

fibrous mat on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

125
Q

intermediate filaments

A

thicker and stiffer than microfilaments

126
Q

microtubules

A

are cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments

127
Q

centrosome

A

microtubules radiate from an area of the cell

128
Q

tubulin

A

each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins

129
Q

organelles

A

internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks

130
Q

membranous organelles

A

structures that are surrounded by membranes

131
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelles and usually the only one clearly visible with the light microscope

132
Q

anuclear

A

no nucleus

133
Q

multinuclear

A

2-50 nuclei

134
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane

135
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

ring of proteins

136
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a narrow but densely fibrous zone composed of intermediate filaments

137
Q

nuclear pores

A

structure that is made up of a collection of 30 different proteins called nucleoporins that assemble to form the complete nuclear pore complex (NPC).

138
Q

chomatin

A

fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein

139
Q

neucloli

A

one or more dark-staining masses

140
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (little network within the cytoplasm)

A

interconnected channels called cisterns enclosed by a unit membrane

141
Q

cisterns or cisternae

A

interconnected channels

142
Q

rough ER

A

cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes

143
Q

smooth ER

A

cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively and lack ribosomes

144
Q

ribosomes

A

small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, in the cytosol, and on the outer surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope

145
Q

Golgi complex

A

a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis

146
Q

Golgi vesicles

A

bud off the swollen rim of a cisterna and are abundant in Golgi complex

147
Q

secretory vesicles

A

stores the cell product for later release

148
Q

lysosome

A

a package of enzymes bounded by a membrane

149
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes also digest and dispose of surplus or nonvital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs

150
Q

autolysis

A

the digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes

151
Q

peroxisomes

A

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the ER rather than the Golgi complex

152
Q

proteasome

A

protein disposal is the function of another structurally simple organelle

153
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

154
Q

cristae

A

the inner membrane usually has folds that project like shelves across the organelle

155
Q

matrix

A

the space between the cristae

156
Q

centriole

A

short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

157
Q

inclusions

A

two kinds, accumulated cell products and foreign bodies and other debris

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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