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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 5; Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5; Histology Flashcards

1
Q

histology (microscopic anatomy)

A

study of tissues

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2
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells

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3
Q

matrix (extracellular material)

A

surrounds the cells and the relative amount of space occupied by the cells and matrix

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4
Q

ground substance (tissue fluid, ECF, or interstitial fluid)

A

clear gel

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5
Q

primary germ layers

A

give rise to all of the body’s mature tissues

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6
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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7
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer that gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands

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8
Q

mesoderm

A

a layer of more loosely organized cells

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9
Q

mesenchyme

A

gelatinous layer that is composed of fine, wispy collagen fibers and branching mesenchymal cells embossed in a gelatinous ground substance

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10
Q

histological sections

A

thin slices of histology under a microscope

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11
Q

fixative

A

a chemical that prevents decay

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12
Q

stains

A

artificially colored histological cells to help enhance detail

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13
Q

longitudinal section

A

a tissue cut on its long axis

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14
Q

cross section

A

one cut perpendicular

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15
Q

oblique sections

A

cross section

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16
Q

smears

A

tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide

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17
Q

spreads

A

tissue is laid out on the slide

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18
Q

epithelial tissue

A

consists of a sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body

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19
Q

protection

A

epithelia protect deeper tissues from invasion and injury

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20
Q

secretion

A

epithelia produce mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and most of body’s other secretions

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21
Q

excretion

A

epithelia void wastes from the tissues across the pulmonary epithelium and bile from the epithelium of the liver

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22
Q

absorption

A

epithelia absorb chemicals form the adjacent medium

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23
Q

filtration

A

all substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels

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24
Q

sensation

A

epithelia are provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from a touch on the skin to irritation of the stomach

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25
Q

avascular

A

without blood vessels

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26
Q

basement membrane

A

between an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue

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27
Q

basal surface

A

the surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane

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28
Q

simple epithelium

A

every cell is anchored to the basement membrane

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29
Q

stratified epithelium

A

some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact the basement membrane

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30
Q

simple squamous

A

thin scaly cells

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31
Q

simple cuboidal

A

squarish or round cells

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32
Q

simple columnar

A

tall narrow cells

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33
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

not all cells reach the surface, the shorter cells are covered by the taller ones

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34
Q

goblet cells

A

wingless-shaped cells that produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes

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35
Q

stratified squamous

A

deepest layer of cells are cuboidal to columnar and include mitotically active stem cells

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36
Q

stratified columnar epithelia

A

seen only in places where other two epithelial types meet (larynx, pharynx, anal canal, and male urethra)

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37
Q

transitional epithelia

A

only found in urinary tract

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38
Q

umbrella cells

A

the domed surface cells of transitional epithelium

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39
Q

lipid rafts

A

dense patches

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40
Q

uroplakins

A

embedded proteins

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41
Q

connective tissues

A

most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the primary tissues

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42
Q

fibroblasts

A

large, fusiform or stellate cells that often show slender, wispy branches (they form the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue

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43
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues, where they engulf and destroy bacteria

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44
Q

anitgens

A

activate the immune system when they sense foreign matter

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45
Q

monocytes

A

arise from WBC or from the stem cells that produce monocytes

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46
Q

leukocytes or WBCs

A

travel briefly in the bloodstream, then crawl out through the walls of small blood vessels and spend most of their time in the connective tissue

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47
Q

neutrophils

A

wander about attacking bacteria

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48
Q

lymphocytes

A

react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents

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49
Q

plasma cells

A

certain lymphocytes turn into plasma cells when they detect foreign agents

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50
Q

antibodies

A

disease-fighting proteins

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51
Q

mast cells

A

found along blood vessels that secrete heparin

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52
Q

histamine

A

increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels

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53
Q

adipocytes or fat cells

A

appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissues

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54
Q

collagenous fibers

A

fibers made of collagen are tough and flexible and resist stretching

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55
Q

white fibers

A

some collagenous fibers have a glistening white appearance

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56
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

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57
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

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58
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner than collagenous fibers, and they branch, and rejoin each other along their course (made of protein called elastin that is coated with glycoprotein or fibrillin)

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59
Q

ground substance

A

gelatinous to rubbery consistency, absorbs compressive forces and protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury

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60
Q

glycoaminoglycan (GAG)

A

a long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid

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61
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

most common GAG that is abundant in blood vessels and bones and gives cartilage its relative stiffness

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62
Q

proteoglycan

A

shaped somewhat like a bottle brush with a central core of protein and bristle-like outgrowths composed of GAGs

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63
Q

adhesive glycoproteins

A

protein-carbohydrate complexes that bind plasma membrane proteins to extracellular collagen and proteoglycans

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64
Q

loose connective tissue

A

much of the space is occupied by ground substance, which dissolves out of the tissue during histological fixation and leaves empty space in prepared tissue

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65
Q

dense connective tissue

A

fiber occupies more space than the cells and ground substance, and appears closely packed in tissue sections

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66
Q

areolar tissue

A

exhibits loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space

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67
Q

reticular tissue

A

a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts

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68
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers are closely packed and leave relatively little open space and the fibers are parallel to each other

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69
Q

elastic tissue

A

the vocal cords and some spinal ligaments are made of a dense regular connective tissue

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70
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

thick bundles of collagen and relatively little room for cells and ground substance, but the collagen bundles run in seemingly random directions

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71
Q

adipose tissue (fat)

A

tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

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72
Q

white fat

A

more abundant and is the most significant adipose tissue of the adult body

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73
Q

brown fat

A

found mainly in fetuses, infants, and children, but adults also have small deposits of brown fat, it accounts for up to 6% of an infant’s weight and is concentrated especially in fat pads in the shoulders, upper back, and around the kidneys

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74
Q

cartilage

A

a relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix

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75
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

adam’s apple

76
Q

chondroblasts

A

produces cartilage cells

77
Q

lacunae

A

little cavities

78
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells enclosed in lacunae

79
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

clear, glassy appearance, which stems from the usually invisible fineness of its collagen fibers

80
Q

elastic cartilage

A

conspicuous elastic fibers

81
Q

fibrocartilage

A

coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen

82
Q

perichondrium

A

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue

83
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton

84
Q

spongy bone

A

fills the heads of the long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones

85
Q

compact (dense) bone

A

denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye

86
Q

central (haversian or osteonic) canals

A

run longitudinally through the shafts of long bones

87
Q

concentric lamellae

A

onionlike layers around each canal

88
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

89
Q

canaliculi

A

delicate channels that radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors and allow the osteocytes to contact each other

90
Q

periosteum

A

tough fibrous similar to the perichondrium of cartilage

91
Q

blood

A

a fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels

92
Q

blood plasma

A

blood’s ground substance

93
Q

formed elements

A

its cellular components

94
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells (most abundant)

95
Q

leukocytes (WBC)

A

serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases

96
Q

platelets

A

small cell fragments scattered amid the blood cells

97
Q

excitable tissues

A

the highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues

98
Q

membrane potential

A

the basis for their excitation is an electrical charge difference

99
Q

nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals

100
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

101
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

protect and assist the neurons

102
Q

neurosoma (cell body)

A

houses the nucleus and most other organelles

103
Q

dendrites

A

multiple, short branched processes receives signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma

104
Q

axon (nerve fiber)

A

sends outgoing signals to other cells

105
Q

muscular tissue

A

specialized to contract when stimulated and thus to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids

106
Q

skeletal muscle

A

consists of long threadlike cells that have muscle fibers

107
Q

muscle fibers

A

long threadlike cells

108
Q

sphincter

A

muscular rings or cuffs that open and close body passages

109
Q

striations

A

alternating light and dark bands, created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction

110
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, cells are shorter

111
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

shorter cells that are exclusive to the heart, branched and notched at the ends

112
Q

intercalated discs

A

cardiomyocytes are joined end to end by junctions

113
Q

smooth muscle

A

lacks striations and is involuntary

114
Q

myocytes

A

smooth muscle cells that are fusiform and relatively short

115
Q

visceral muscle

A

forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts

116
Q

cell junctions

A

the connections between one cell and another, they enable the cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control the movement of substances through tissues

117
Q

tight junction

A

encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface and joins it tightly to the neighboring cells

118
Q

desmosome

A

a patch that holds cells together somewhat like the snap on a pair of jeans

119
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half desmosomes

120
Q

gap (communicating) junction

A

formed by a connexon surrounding a water-filled channel

121
Q

connexon

A

consists of 6 transmembrane protein arranged in a ring

122
Q

gland

A

a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste

123
Q

secretion

A

removed from the tissues

124
Q

excretion

A

waste product that is released

125
Q

exocrine glands

A

usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct

126
Q

duct

A

an epithelial tissue that conveys their secretion to the surface

127
Q

endocrine glands

A

lose contact with the surface and have no ducts, have a high density of blood capillaries and secrete their products directly into the blood

128
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands

129
Q

unicellular glands

A

secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory

130
Q

septa (singular, septum)

A

extensions

131
Q

trabeculae

A

divides the interior of the gland into compartments called lobes

132
Q

lobules

A

finer connective tissue septa may further subdivide each lobe into microscopic lobules

133
Q

stroma

A

connective tissue framework that supports and organized the glandular tissue

134
Q

parenchyma

A

the cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion are collectively

135
Q

simple

A

single unbranched duct

136
Q

compound

A

branched duct

137
Q

tubular

A

the duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter

138
Q

acinus

A

if the secretory cells form a dilated sac, the gland is called acinar and the sac is an acinus or alveolus

139
Q

tubuloacinar gland

A

a gland with secretory cells in both the tubular and acinar portions

140
Q

serous glands

A

produce relatively thin, watery fluids

141
Q

mucous glands

A

secrete a glycoprotein called mucin in the oral and nasal cavities

142
Q

mixed glands

A

contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

143
Q

merocrine (eccrine) glands

A

release their products by means of exocytosis

144
Q

holocrine glands

A

cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates

145
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

largest membrane of the body, consists of a stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue

146
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

lines passages that open to the exterior environment

147
Q

lamina propria

A

an areolar connective tissue

148
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

a layer of smooth muscle

149
Q

serous membrane (serosa)

A

composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

150
Q

serous fluid

A

produced by the serous membranes that arises from the blood and derives its name from the fact that it is similar to blood serum in composition

151
Q

mesothelium

A

epithelial component for of serous membrane

152
Q

endothelium (derived from mesoderm)

A

a simple squamous epithelium lining

153
Q

periosteum

A

covering of each bone

154
Q

hyperplasia

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

155
Q

hypertrophy

A

the enlargement of preexisting cells

156
Q

neoplasia

A

the development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue

157
Q

differentiation

A

development of a more specialized form and function

158
Q

metaplasia

A

a change from one type of mature tissue to another

159
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function, but have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells

160
Q

developmental plasticity

A

diversity of mature cell types to which they can give rise

161
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

compose the early human embryo

162
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

they have the potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell

163
Q

blastocyst

A

a hollow ball with an outer cell mass that helps form the placenta and other accessory organs of pregnancy, and an inner cell mass (embryoblast) that becomes the embryo itself

164
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

cells of the inner cell mass that can still develop into any cell type of the embryo but not into the accessory organs of pregnancy

165
Q

adult stem cells

A

occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person’s life

166
Q

multipotent

A

able to develop into two or more cell lines

167
Q

unipotent

A

stem cells have the most limited plasticity as they can produce only one mature cell type

168
Q

regeneration

A

the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells

169
Q

fibrosis

A

the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts

170
Q

granulation tissue

A

a soft mass with deeper portions of a clot that becomes infiltrated by capillaries and fibroblasts

171
Q

fibroblastic (reconstructive) phase

A

repair begins 3-4 days after the injury and lasts up to 2 weeks

172
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number

173
Q

senile atrophy

A

atrophy from normal aging

174
Q

disuse atrophy

A

lack of use of an organ

175
Q

necrosis

A

premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, and so forth

176
Q

infarction

A

the sudden death of tissue

177
Q

gangrene

A

any tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply

178
Q

dry gangrene

A

often occurs in diabetes, especially in the feet

179
Q

decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore)

A

a form of dry gangrene that occurs when immobilized persons

180
Q

wet gangrene

A

occurs in internal organs and involves neutrophil invasion, liquefaction of the tissue, pus, and a foul odor

181
Q

gas gangrene

A

necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with a wound is contaminated with soil

182
Q

blebbing

A

bubbling

183
Q

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

normal death of cells

184
Q

fas

A

an extracellular suicide signal binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane

185
Q

endonuclease

A

chops up DNA

186
Q

protease

A

destroys cellular proteins

187
Q

nerve growth factor

A

those that make connections with target cells survive

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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