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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7; Bone TIssue > Flashcards

Chapter 7; Bone TIssue Flashcards

1
Q

osteology

A

the study of bone

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2
Q

skeletal system

A

composed of bone, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body

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3
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

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4
Q

mineralization (calcification)

A

the hardening process of bone

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5
Q

flat bones

A

thin curved bones

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6
Q

long bones

A

most important bones for movement

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7
Q

short bones

A

various bones that do not fit the flat or long bone groups

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

bones of odd shape such as vertebrae and some skull bones

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9
Q

compact (dense) bone

A

outer shell of dense white osseous tissue

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10
Q

medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

A

space that contains bone marrow

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11
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone

A

at the ends of the bones, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of osseous tissue

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a bone

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded head at each end of a bone

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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

slightly denser spongy bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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15
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

remnant of a childhood growth zone

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16
Q

articular cartilage

A

the joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

nutrient foramina

A

blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes

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18
Q

periosteum

A

sheath covering over a bone

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19
Q

fibrous layer

A

tough, outer layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells

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20
Q

perforating fibers

A

some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with the tendons that bind muscle to bone, and some penetrate into the bone matrix

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21
Q

endosteum

A

a thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines a canal system found throughout the compact bone

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22
Q

diploe

A

spongy layer in the cranium

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23
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchyme and then give rise to most other bone cell types

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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25
Q

osteocytes

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited

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26
Q

lacunae

A

tiny cavities

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27
Q

canaliculi

A

slender channels

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28
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving cells

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29
Q

ruffled border

A

the side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface that has many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane

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30
Q

resorption bays

A

pits that have etched into the bone surface

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31
Q

hydrocyapatite

A

a crystallized calcium phosphate salt

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32
Q

composite

A

a combination of two basic structural materials

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33
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

A

bone that is excessively brittle

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34
Q

sacrificial bonds

A

collagen molecules that break under stress, protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock

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35
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of matrix concentrically around a central (haversian) canal and connected with each other by canaliculi

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36
Q

osteon (haversian system)

A

the basic structural unit of compact bone

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37
Q

perforating canals

A

central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages

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38
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

boundaries that run parallel to the bone surface

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39
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

the remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself

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40
Q

spicules

A

rods or spines

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41
Q

trabeculae

A

thin plates

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42
Q

bone marrow

A

general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals

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43
Q

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

A

the marrow cavity of nearly every bone

44
Q

hemopoietic tissue

A

tissue that produces blood cells

45
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

no longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, it can transform back into red bone marrow and resume its hemopoietic function

46
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

formation of bone

47
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle

48
Q

endochondrial ossification

A

a process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage

49
Q

primary ossification center

A

near the middle of the cartilage where chondrocytes begin to inflate and die, while the thin walls between them calcify

50
Q

primary marrow cavity

A

osteoclasts arrive in the blood and digest calcified tissue in the shaft

51
Q

metaphysis

A

the region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity

52
Q

secondary ossification center

A

chondrocyte enlargement and death occur in the epiphysis of the model

53
Q

secondary marrow cavity

A

expands outward from the center in all directions

54
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone

55
Q

zone of reserve cartilage

A

consists of typical hyaline cartilage with resting chondrocytes, not yet showing signs of transformation into bone

56
Q

zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae

57
Q

zone of cell hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes cease to multiply and begin to hypertrophy

58
Q

zone of calcification

A

minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage

59
Q

zone of bone deposition

A

within each column, the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die

60
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage growth from within, by the multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior

61
Q

appositional growth

A

the deposition of new tissue at the surface

62
Q

wolff’s law of bone

A

states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it

63
Q

mineral deposition (mineralization)

A

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue

64
Q

solubility product

A

critical value of hydroxyapatite crystals formed

65
Q

ectopic ossification

A

abnormal calcification of tissues

66
Q

calculus

A

a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

67
Q

mineral resorption

A

the process of dissolving bone

68
Q

hypocalcemia

A

calcium deficiency

69
Q

tetany

A

the inability of the muscle to relax

70
Q

trousseau sign

A

strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers

71
Q

laryngospasm

A

muscles of the larynx contract tightly

72
Q

hypercalcemia

A

blood calcium excess

73
Q

calcitriol

A

a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys

74
Q

cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D3

75
Q

rickets (osteomalacia in adults)

A

softness of bone

76
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by C cells (clear cells) of the thyroid gland

77
Q

osteoclast inhibition

A

calcitonin reduces osteoclast activity by as much as 70%

78
Q

osteoblast stimulation

A

within an hour, calcitonin increases the number and activity of osteoblast, which deposit calcium into the skeleton

79
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by the parathyroid glands, which adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

80
Q

cortisol

A

inhibits osteoclast activity

81
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates osteoblasts and adolescent growth

82
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates bone elongation and cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate

83
Q

insulin

A

stimulates bone formation

84
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

indirectly activates osteoclasts

85
Q

testosterone

A

stimulate osteoblasts and promotes protein synthesis

86
Q

thyroid hormone

A

essential to bone growth

87
Q

vitamin A

A

promotes glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate) synthesis

88
Q

vitamin C

A

required for collagen synthesis, bone growth, and fracture repair

89
Q

vitamin D

A

normally functions as a hormone

90
Q

orthopedics

A

branch of medicine for bones

91
Q

stress fracture

A

a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone

92
Q

pathological fracture

A

a break in a bone weakened by some other disease

93
Q

nondisplaced fracture

A

one in which the bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignment

94
Q

displaced fracture

A

one in which at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the other

95
Q

comminuted fracture

A

a bone is broken into three or more pieces

96
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on the opposite side

97
Q

fracture hematoma

A

blood clot in a bone

98
Q

granulation tissue

A

soft fibrous mass

99
Q

soft callus

A

patches of fibrocartilage

100
Q

hard callus

A

bony collar

101
Q

closed reduction

A

a procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

102
Q

open reduction

A

involved the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

103
Q

osteoporosis

A

severe loss of bone density

104
Q

osteitis demorans (pagat’s disease)

A

excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resorption of excess bone with osteoblasts attempting to compensate by depositing extra bone

105
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection

106
Q

osteosarcoma

A

most common type of cancer of bone

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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