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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4; Genetics and Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4; Genetics and Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the cell’s hereditary matter

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a single or double-ringed nitrogenous base

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3
Q

double helix

A

the structure of DNA that resembles a spiral staircase

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4
Q

law of complementary base pairing

A

the fact that one strand governs the base sequence of the other

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5
Q

genes

A

the essential function of DNA is to carry information

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6
Q

chromatin

A

fine filamentous material

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7
Q

chromosomes

A

46 long filaments

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8
Q

histones

A

each “bead” if a disc-shaped cluster of eight proteins

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9
Q

nucleosomes

A

segments

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10
Q

core particle

A

the spool of histones with the DNA ribbon around them

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11
Q

linker DNA

A

short segment

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12
Q

chromosome territory

A

permeated with channels that allow regulatory chemicals to have access to the genes

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13
Q

sister chromatids

A

two parallel filaments

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14
Q

prophase

A

early stage of cell division, these chromatids coil some more until each one becomes another 10 times shorter and about 700 nm wide

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15
Q

centromere

A

two genetically, identical, rod-like sister chromatids joined together at a pinched spot

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16
Q

kinetochore

A

protein plaque that has a role in cell division

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17
Q

genomics

A

relatively young science concerned with the comprehensive study of the genome and how its genes and noncoding DNA affect the structure and function of the organism

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18
Q

genetic code

A

a system that enable these 4 nucleotides to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins

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19
Q

base triplet

A

a sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that stands for 1 amino acid

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20
Q

codon

A

a 3-base sequence

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21
Q

stop codons

A

signal “end of message”

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22
Q

start codon

A

first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome

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23
Q

transcription

A

the step from DNA to mRNA

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24
Q

translation

A

the step from mRNA to protein

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25
Q

RNA polymerase

A

binds to the DNA and assembles the RNA

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26
Q

pre-mRNA

A

the RNA produced by transcription is an “immature” form

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27
Q

exons

A

molecules that contains segments that will be translated into a protein

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28
Q

introns

A

segments that must be removed before translation

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29
Q

alternative splicing

A

one gene can code for more than one protein

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30
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

a relatively small RNA, whose job is to bind a free amino acid in the cytosol and deliver it to the ribosome to be added to a growing protein chain

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31
Q

anticodon

A

a series of three nucleotides complementary to a specific codon of mRNA

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32
Q

initiator tRNA

A

the first tRNA to bind to a ribosome at the start of translation

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33
Q

ribosomes

A

the little “reading machines” found in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope

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34
Q

initiation

A

mRNA passes through a nuclear pore into the cytosol and forms a loop

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35
Q

small subunit

A

in charge of information flow during protein synthesis

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36
Q

large subunit

A

a long tunnel running from the PTC to the ribosomal proteins

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37
Q

polyribosome

A

the cluster of ribosomes, all translating the same as mRNA

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38
Q

chaperone

A

as a new protein is assembled by a ribosome, it Is often bound by an older protein

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39
Q

stress proteins (heat shock proteins)

A

they are produced in response to heat or other stress on a cell and help damaged proteins fold back into their correct functional shapes

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40
Q

post-translational modification

A

removing some amino acid segments, folding the protein and stabilizing it with disulfide bridges, adding carbohydrates, etc

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41
Q

transport vesicles

A

bubblelike things that are coated with a protein called clathrin

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42
Q

DNA helicase

A

an enzyme that opens up one short segment of the helix at a time, exposing its nitrogenous bases

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43
Q

replication fork

A

the point where the DNA is opened up like two halves of a zipper separating

44
Q

DNA ligase

A

another enzyme that can join segments

45
Q

regulatory protein (transcription activator)

A

any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription

46
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA structure

47
Q

G1 (First gap phase)

A

an interval between cell division and DNA replication

48
Q

S (synthesis phase)

A

in which a cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA

49
Q

parental DNA

A

DNA that serves as the template for replication

50
Q

daughter DNA

A

made by the addition of a nucleotide that is complementary to the parent strand of DNA

51
Q

interphase

A

the time between M phases

52
Q

G0 (G-zero) phase

A

the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in preparation for cell division

53
Q

Mitosis

A

helps development of an individual from a one-second fertilized egg, growth of all tissues and organs after birth, replacement of cells that die, and repair of damaged tissues

54
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down

55
Q

spindle fibers

A

the centrioles begin to sprout elongated microtubules

56
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes lie along the midline of cell

57
Q

mitotic spindle

A

the spindle fibers now form a lemon-shaped array

58
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres divide in two

59
Q

daughter chromosome

A

each chromatid is now regarded as a separated, single-stranded

60
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes gather at each pole of cell

61
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm into two cells

62
Q

cleavage furrow

A

crease around the equator of the cell, and the cell eventually pinches in two

63
Q

growth factors

A

chemical signals secreted by blood platelets, kidney cells, and other sources

64
Q

contact inhibition

A

the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells

65
Q

cyclins

A

families of proteins

66
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle

67
Q

G2IM checkpoint

A

late in the G2 phase, determines whether the cell is able to proceed to mitosis

68
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

69
Q

karyotype

A

a chart that shows the 46 chromosomes out in order by size and other physical features

70
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

the two members of each pair that are in each 23 chromosomes

71
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes X and Y

72
Q

autosomes

A

all the other chromosomes

73
Q

diploid

A

any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes

74
Q

haploid

A

sperm and egg cells

75
Q

germ cells

A

cells on their way to becoming sperm and eggs

76
Q

somatic cells

A

all other cells of the body

77
Q

segregated

A

separate

78
Q

paternal

A

sperm

79
Q

maternal

A

egg

80
Q

locus

A

the location of a particular gene on a chromosome

81
Q

alleles

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

82
Q

dominant

A

more important gene

83
Q

recessive

A

genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents

84
Q

cleft chin

A

deep dimple in the middle of the chin

85
Q

homozygous

A

individuals with two identical alleles

86
Q

heterozygous

A

homologous chromosomes have different alleles for that gene

87
Q

genotype

A

the paired alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait

88
Q

phenotype

A

an observable trait

89
Q

Punnett square

A

shows how two heterozygous parents with certain traits can show up on their kids

90
Q

carriers

A

individuals who carry a recessive allele and may pass it on

91
Q

genetic counselor

A

perform genetic testing or refer clients for tests, advise couples on the probability of transmitting genetic diseases, and assist people in coping with genetic disease

92
Q

multiple alleles

A

some genes exist in more than two allelic forms

93
Q

gene pool

A

collective genetic makeup

94
Q

codominant

A

equally dominant

95
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when two different alleles are present

96
Q

polygenic (multiple-gene) inheritance

A

a phenomenon in which genes at two or more loci, or even on different chromosomes, contribute to a single phenotypic trait

97
Q

pleiotropy

A

a phenomenon in which one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

98
Q

alkaptonuria

A

mutation of chromosome 3

99
Q

sex-linked traits

A

carried on the x or y chromosome and therefore tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other

100
Q

x-linked

A

located on chromosome X

101
Q

polydactyly

A

the presence of extra fingers or toes

102
Q

penetrance

A

the percentage of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype

103
Q

epigenetics

A

heritable changes beyond the level of the genome

104
Q

DNA methylation

A

the addition of methyl groups to DNA

105
Q

Pnider-Willi syndrome

A

either mutation or gene silencing leads to diverse effects including poor muscle tone, short stature, overeating, and childhood behavioral problems

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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