Chapter 8 - the Respiratory System

Question 1

Solute

Answer 1

The substance dissolved in a given substance

Question 2

Solvent

Answer 2

A substance that dissolves another to form a substance

Question 3

Concentration

Answer 3

A measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume

Question 4

concentration gradient

Answer 4

The difference between two areas; affects the rate of diffusion

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

The random movement of molecules, ions or small particles in solution under the influence of thermal motion toward a uniform distribution throughout available volume

Question 6

Ion

Answer 6

An atom or atom group electrically charged by the loss or gain of electrons, represented by a plus or minus sign. Ie Na+ (sodium)

Question 7

Osmosis

Answer 7

Diffusion of water, water passes through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the solute concentration is higher, thus equalizing the concentrations of materials on either side of the membrane

Question 8

Respiration

Answer 8

Aka breathing. Aka Pulmonary ventilation. Involves simply the stage of taking oxygen from the air and returning carbon dioxide. Oxygen enters body through mouth and nose, then the larynx (voice box) then trachea (windpipe) entrees the chest cavity

Question 9

Conchae

Answer 9

Or turbinates.Bone tissue protruding into the nasal cavity. They make air turbulent, increasing the likelihood that more bacteria, viruses and air borne particles will stick to mucus-covered walls

Question 10

Larynx

Answer 10

Voice box

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

Windpipe. Entered chest cavity.

Question 12

cartilage

Answer 12

Provides a firm structure to trachea and bronchial tubes so that airways stay open when we inhale and exhale

Question 13

Mucous membrane

Answer 13

Covers air passageways and nasal passages. Collects dust, bacteria and other particles in the air

Question 14

Cilia

Answer 14

A motile, hair-like extension of a cell surface. Many cells that make up the membrane contain cilia. They have a wave like motion that carries mucus upward and out into the throat where it is either coughed or swallowed. The mucus also helps moisten the air. Smoking stops cilia from moving. 1 cigarette stops their motion for about 20 minutes. Smokers cough is their body trying to dispose of extra mucus.

Question 15

Upper respiratory system

Answer 15

Trachea, mouth and pharynx(throat)

Question 16

Epiglottis

Answer 16

A flap of tissue that guards the entrance to the trachea, closing when anything is swallowed so that the item goes into the esophagus and stomach

Question 17

Bronchus

Answer 17

Any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the trachea

Question 18

Lower airway system

Answer 18

The right and left main bronchi represent the first of over 20 divisions of airways to come in the lower airway system. By the 20th division the diameter fo the air way is less than 1 mm, the alveoli begin to appear. This is where the air exchange actually takes place

Question 19

Alveoli

Answer 19

Microscopic air sacs surrounded by capillaries- where gas exchange actually takes place. Inhaled o2 passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile the blood from the veins releases its co2 into the alveoli and out of the lungs when you exhale

Question 20

Diaphragm

Answer 20

A sheet of muscle that lied across the bottom of the chest cavity. Downward movement creates suction in the chest to expand the lungs and draw air in. When the diaphragm releases air is pushed out of the lungs

Question 21

Disorders

Answer 21

Asthma (bronchial), Dyspnea (dys= ill, bad) (pnea= breath), emphysema, sleep apnea

Question 22

Brain stem

Answer 22

The part of the nervous system that controls breathing. Automatic and functions whether we thing about it or not. Can be inhibited by drug overdose causing failure of the respiratory system

Question 23

Emphysema

Answer 23

Chronic disease of the lungs characterized by difficulty breathing. Smoking makes it difficult for oxygen to be taken through the alveoli. When cigarette smoke is inhaled, about 1/3 of the particles will remain within the alveoli. If there are too many particles from smoking or air pollution there may be damage to the aveolar walls causing a lack of elasticity and a reduction in their absorptive surface area

Question 24

Asthma

Answer 24

Aka (bronchial). A condition of the lungs in which there is widespread narrowing of airways due in varying degrees to a) spasm of smooth muscle b) edema c)mucus in the lumen. These changes are caused by the local release of spasmogens in the course of an allergic process

Question 25

Lumen

Answer 25

The canal or cavity of a tubular organ

Question 26

Dyspnea

Answer 26

Shortness of breath, difficulty or distress in breathing. (Dys= bad, ill especially to form words denoting impaired or abnormal biological or mental processes). (Pnea = breath)

Question 27

Sleep apnea

Answer 27

Absence of breathing caused by upper airway obstruction during sleep, associated with the frequent awakening and often with daytime sleepiness

Question 28

Recovery position (draining position)

Answer 28

Three quarters Prone (face down). To maintain a open (patent) airway

Question 29

Open

Answer 29

Patent

Question 30

Supine

Answer 30

Face up - risk of airway obstruction. Unconsciousness leads to a loss of control and muscle tong and can cause tongue to fall to the back of the pharynx creating an obstruction

Question 31

Passive regurgitation

Answer 31

The loss of muscular control which causes the tongue to block the throat can also lead to the stomach contents collecting in the throat.

Question 32

aspiration pneumonia

Answer 32

Stomach acid collecting in the back of the throat can also flow down into the lungs and attack the lining of the lungs. Symptoms : Cyanosis, cough, sputum containing pus or blood, wheezing or rapid pulse