Chapter 3: Integumentary System Flashcards
Skin
AKA cutaneous layer AKA Integumentary
Helps regulate temperature, defence functions, produces vitamin D
Consists of epidermis and dermis
Epidermis
Outer, non-vascular, non-sensitive layer of the skin. Part of epithelial tissue and responsible for primarily protection but also temp regulation (sweating). Dif# layers of dif body parts (feet have 5)
Stratum corneum
Outer layer of epidermis. Consisting of several layers of flat keratinized cells among the stratified squamous epithelial cells. Continually shed and replaced by cells from deeper layers
Keratin
Tough insoluble protein that is the main constituent of hair nails horn hoofs etc and of the outer most layer of the skin
Stratum basale
Aka stratum germinativum. Deepest layer of epidermis, composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells.
Stem cells
A cell that upon division replaces its own numbers and gives rise to cells that differentiate further into one or more specialized types. The primary role of adult stem cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
Melanocytes
A cell that produces melanin
Melanin
An insoluable dark pigment found in all forms of animal life; accounts for the dark colour of skin, hair, fur, scales and feathers.
Mole
Nevus. A growth on the skin that develops when melanocytes grow in clusters.
Dermis
Connective tissue layer below the epidermis; contains blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves, sensory receptors, oil and sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
(Oil glands) cutaneous glands that secrete sebum
sebum
Lubricates hair and skin, prevents excessive water evaporation and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria.
Blackheads
Caused by excess oil that accumulated in the sebaceous gland’s duct. They consist of Keratin and modified sedum which darkens as it oxidizes
Acne
Common skin disease; affects mostly skin with densest population of sebaceous follicles. areas of skin with seborrhea, blackheads and pimples and possibly scaring
Seborrhea
Scaly red skin - acne
Boil
Aka furuncle; infection of the hair follicle, caused by bacteria by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue
Carbuncles
Individual boils clustered together
Goosebumps
Contraction of the arrest or pili mm (muscle)
Pili means hair in Italian
Neoplasm
(New)(flesh) a new uncontrolled growth of abnormal issue; tumour (does not mean cancer)
Oncology
The branch of medical science that deals with treatment of cancer
Malignant
Harmful or dangerous
Metastasis
Meta:beyond stasis:state; the spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another
Oma
Suffix for names of tumors. Melanoma
Skin cancer
Most common form
- Basal cell carcinoma
- melanoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common, least dangerous; arises from basal cells of the ephithelium
Melanoma
Any of several types of skin tumors characterized by the malignant growth of melanocytes. Super dangerous and spreads quickly
ABCD rule
Asymetrical Border Color Diameter
The nevus is; Asymetrical, has an irregular Border, changes Color, has an increased Diameter
Cerebrum
Cerebral hemispheres (Right and left brains). Either of the rounded halves of the cerebrum. Each has 4 lobes
Frontal lobe
Conscious movement of skeletal muscles, thinking
Parietal lobe
Pain, touch analysis
Temporal lobe
Auditory analysis, smell analysis
Occipital lobe
Visual analysis
Stroke
A sudden neurological affliction usually related to the impaired cerebral blood supply
The limbic system
A group of structures in the brain that are associated with emotion memory and mood
Vertebral column
A series of vertebrae held together to give support for the spinal cord and nerves arising from it. 24 articulating vertebrae and 9 fused in the sacrum &coccyx.
Each typical vertebrae consist of
- body (most anterior segment)
- Pedicles (2)
- Laminae (2)
- Spinous process (SP) formed by the junction of the laminae
- Transverse process (TVP) laterally projecting processes
Spina bifida
The non-fusion of the lamina, it is a defect in the spinal column through which spinal cord tissue may protrude
Spinal nerves
PNS. Carry information to and from the spinal cord
go TO spine (not in spine). Bundle of axons
Mixed nerves
Carry both incoming and outgoing signals (to and from the CNS)
Types of vertebrae
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar (5)
Cervical Vertebrae
Each has 3 holes.
C1 - atlas. Hold up head
C2 - axis. Has a dens. Allows for sideways motion
Sacrum
Large triangular bone at the base of the spinal column, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Bottom part connects to the coccyx (tail bone). 5 vertebrae that fuse by the time you are16 - 34.
CNS
Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord. No nerves
PNS
Peripheral nervous system. Links the body to the CNS. Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that connect to the brain
PNS is made up of two divisions
- Incoming - Sensory aka afferent neurons -conduct impulses from the periphery to CNS
- Outgoing - Motor aka efferent neutrons - conduct impulses from CNS to periphery
The motor division of the PNS has 3 divisions
- Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscles)
- Autonomic nervous system (blood vessels, heart, smooth muscles, viscera, glands)
- Enteric nervous system (controls digestion and can function independently of ANS and CNS)
The ANS has 2 divisions
- Sympathetic nervous system - increases HR, fight or flight
- Parasympathetic nervous system - decreases HR, resting and digesting
Scar tissue
Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Disease of the CNS. Inflammation of nervous tissue causes demyelination, leaving multiple areas of scar tissue (sclerosis) along the covering of the nerve cells
Etiologies
Causes
Paresthesia
Tingling. Symptom of MS
Ataxia
Loss of coordination of muscles
Vertigo
Extreme dizziness
Emotional liability
Mood swings. Liability (likely to change)
dysarthria
Difficulty in speech articulation due to poor muscular control
Paresis
Partial motor paralysis
