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Anatomy and Physiolgy > Chapter 2: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Internal support structure of animal

Humans have endoskeleton made up of two tissues: bone and cartilage

Supports protects and serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular force

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2
Q

Exoskeleton

A

External skeleton that supports and protects an animals body

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3
Q

Bone aka Osseous tissue

A

Hard Vascular Connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a mineralized matrix whose collagen fibres are impregnated with calcium phosphate

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4
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cell

Yonge cell that produces matrix (osteoid)

Matures to osteocytes

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5
Q

Osteoclast

A

A phagocyte.Removes osseous tissue to remodel bones and release calcium needed by the nervous system and muscle

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6
Q

Phagocyte

A

Any cell that ingests foreign particles, bacteria, or cell debris

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone that forms the external layer of all bone

Provides protection and support

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8
Q

Spongy bone

A

Bone in which trabeculae form a three dimensional latticework with spaces filled with bone marrow

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9
Q

Articulation

A

A joint is an area where two bones come together

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10
Q

Femur

Acetabulum

A

Thigh bone

Hip bone’s cup shaped socket

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11
Q

Viscosity

A

Property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the liquid to flow

Effective in reducing friction

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12
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The cartilage covering the surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint

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13
Q

Synovial joint

A

A joint in which synovial fluid is produced

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14
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A viscous fluid that lubrictates the articular surfaces of a joint

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15
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

Itis= inflammation

Found in areas of friction (over an exposed bony part where a tendon passes over bone)

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16
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue

Connects muscle to bone

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17
Q

Supra

A

Means above

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18
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap

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19
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Aka wear and tear arthritis

Arth = joint
Itis = inflammation

Erosion of articulate cartilage, either primary or secondary to trauma or other conditions

Cartilage become soft, frayed and thin

Pain and loss of function

Mainly affects weight baring joints, common in older persons

Cartilage is nourished by movement

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20
Q

Osteoporosis

A

First sign is getting shorter as you age

Bones become increasingly porous, brittle and suspect to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components (spongy bone)

Only 1/3 of spinal column fractures produce painful symptoms therefore early diagnosis is hard

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21
Q

Trabeculae

A

Provides strength of the spongy bone.

Responds to stress

3D network of bone tissue

Filled with red blood marrow (where are the blood cells are made

At the end of long bones

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22
Q

Vertebrae (vertebra - singular)

A

The bones that make up your spinal cord

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23
Q

Symptoms of compression fracture

A

Sudden, severed back pain

Worsening pain when standing or walking

Difficulty when bending or twisting

Loss of height

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24
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic autoimmune disease
Inflammation and progressive deformity of joints

Pannus - an abnormal tissue erodes (dissolves) articulation cartilage allowing scar tissue to form and fuse the bone ends

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25
Q

Pannus

A

In rheumatoid arthritis an abnormal tissue erodes (dissolves) articulation cartilage allowing scar tissue to form and fuse the bone ends

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26
Q

Ankylosis

A

Stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint. Rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular strucutres outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself

May be the result of injury or disease

Causes vertebrae to bend and fuse together

bent

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27
Q

Osis

A

Condition of

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28
Q

Muscle types

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Smooth
  3. Skeletal
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29
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Myocardium

Gap junctions between heart cells allow electrical currents to pass form one cell to another so heart cells contract in unison

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30
Q

Myo

A

Muscle

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31
Q

Gap juntions

A

Specialized intercellular connection which allow various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass between cells

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32
Q

Fibrillation

A

Chaotic contractions across the heart

The heart quivers and no blood is pumped into the body or brain

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33
Q

Defibrillator

A

Device capable of sending a therapeutic dose of electric current through the heart that restores heart to normal

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34
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Found in walls of viscera (hollow organs of the body except the heart)

Contraction reduces the size of structures

Not voluntary control

Bowels, uterus, regulates the flow of blood in the arteries

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35
Q

Viscera

A

Hollow organs of the body (not heart)

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36
Q

Peristalsis

A

Gastrointestinal tract

37
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Muscle attached to skeleton

Motion, posture, heat production and facial expression

38
Q

Endo

A

Within, on the inside

39
Q

EPI

A

On the outside, upon

40
Q

endomysium

A

Within the muscle

A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle cell

41
Q

Muscle cell

A

Muscle fibre

42
Q

Tendon

A

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Stronger than ligaments and bones

43
Q

Ligament

A

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Tightness and elasticity

44
Q

Sprain

A

Injury to ligament

Stretching or tearing

45
Q

strain

A

Injury to muscle or tendon

Overstretch or partial or complete tear

46
Q

Sarcopenia

A

The degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with aging

Lack of exercise might be a significant risk factor

47
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Debilitating fatigue
Widespread muscular pain
Tenderness at specific points on the body

Some researchers suggest that the brain has been physically or chemically altered in such a way that normal uncomfortable stimuli can lead to pain amplification

48
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to attachment of limb

49
Q

Distal

A

Further from the attachment of limb

50
Q

Anatomical position

A

Thumbs facing outward

51
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body in half left and right

52
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midsagittal plane

53
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midsagittal plane

54
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

55
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

56
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone

57
Q

Ulna

A

Forearm. Medial to Radius (inside)

58
Q

Radius

A

Forearm. Lateral to Ulna (outside)

59
Q

Carpels

A

Wrist
8 bones - one is a sesamoid
Proximal bones of the hand

60
Q

Metacarpals

A

Palm

5 bones

61
Q

Phalanges

A

Finger bones and toe bones (14)

All toes except the big toe have a proximal, middle and distal phalanx

62
Q

Coxal bones aka sacrum aka innominate bone

63
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Lower middle pelvis

64
Q

Femur

65
Q

Patella

66
Q

Tibia

A

Lower leg. Medial to Fibula

67
Q

Fibula

A

Lower leg. Lateral to Tibia

68
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle

7 tarsals.

69
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot
5 metatarsals, numbered from 1(big)- 5 (small)
1-3 articulate at the cuneiform
4,5 are distal to the cuboid

70
Q

Dorsal surface of foot

A

Aka dorsum

Top view of foot

71
Q

7 tarsal bones

A

Most proximal bones of the foot

Talus - most proximal foot bone
Calcaneous - heel
Navicular 
Cuboid 
3 cuneiforms - proximal to phalanges 1-3 distal to navicular
72
Q

Dorsal Surface (dorsum)

A

Top view of foot

Back of hand

73
Q

Calcaneus

74
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Bones completely contained within muscle tendons - prevents tendons from being squished
On the plantar surface of the distal ends of the 1st and 5th metatarsal bones
Patella is the largest sesamoid - provides leverage

75
Q

Cuboid

A

Proximal to the 4th and 5th metatarsals

76
Q

Plantar vs dorsal

A

Bottom vs top of foot

77
Q

Anterior or palmer surface or ventral surface of hand

A

Front (palm)

78
Q

Radius

A

One of 2 large bones in forearm

Radius is lateral and parallel to Ulna

79
Q

Ulna

A

Forearm

Medial to Radius

80
Q

pisiform

A

Carpal bone

Ulnar nerve runs between the pisiform and hamate

81
Q

Supinated

A 
Palm up (anatomical position)
Prone is opposite
82
Q

Tunnel of Guyon

A

Allows passage of the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve into the hand
Medially bounded by the pisiform on the ulnar side and the hook of the hamate of the radial side

83
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Travels from neck to hand

1 of 3 main nerves in arm

84
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Moves the foot, Assume concentic
Origin aka proximal attachment PA - upper lateral surface of the tibia
Insertion aka distal attachment DA - 1 cuneiform and proximal end of the 1st metatarsal bone

85
Q

Concentric contractions

A

The muscle has successfully shortened against the load from both ends

86
Q

Proximal attachement fixed

A

Means that the proximal attachment is more stable than the distal attachment and it is the distal bone that will move

87
Q

Inversion

A

A movement on which the sole of the foot faces inward

88
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

The upward movement of the foot that brings the toes closer to the front of the leg

89
Q

Quadriceps

A

Ceps means head - if muscle has more than 1 head
5 heads
PA = hip bone (aka innominate bone aka coxal )and femur
DA = Tibia
Action= hip flexion and knee extension

Anatomy and Physiolgy (10 decks)

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