Chapter 7- Digestion Flashcards
Digestion
System where food is acted apron by physical and chemical means to provide body with nutrients and excretes waste. Includes the alimentary canal; mouth to anus and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion
Alimentary canal
Aka gastrointestinal tract extending from the mouth to anus and the hormones and enzymes assisting in digestion
Mouth
Where digestion begins. Food is chewed. Saliva is secreted in large amounts by salivary glands in the oral cavity, and it mixed with chewed food by the tongue.
3 pairs of exocrine salivary glands in the oral cavity
- Parotid - largest, on each side of face below and in front of the ear
- submandibular
- Sublingual
Mastication
Chewing
Bolus
Soft, roundish mass or lump esp of chewed food
Deglutition
Swallowin
Mandible
Lower jaw
Maxillae
Upper jaw bones
Lingual
Pertaining to the tongue
Sub
Beneath
Saliva
Watery fluid, secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands. Functions in the tasting, chewing, swallowing of food, moistens the mouth, starts digestion of starches (carbohydrates occurring in plants ie rice corn wheat beans potatoes)
Masseter
Muscle responsible for mastication. Vertical muscle fibres
Knots
Hypersensitive nodules in a taut band
Esophagus
A muscular tube for the passage of food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
throat
Pharynx
Paristalis
The progressive waves of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation that move matter along certain tube like structures of the body, as ingested food along the alimentary canal. Closely related to the parasympathetic NS ie rumbling in the stomach during massage is a good thing
Sphincter
A circular band of voluntary or involuntary muscles that encircles and closes an orfice of the body or one of its hallow organs. Sphincter control the movement of substances through the GI tract.
Stomach
J-shaped pouch walls made of thick elastic muscles which stores and helps break down food. Food which has been reduces to very small particles is more likely to be fully digested in the small intestine and stomach churning has the effect of assisting the physical disassembly begun in the mouth
Peptic ulcers
Are open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach, upper small intestine (duodenum) or esophagus. Most coming symptom is abdominal pain
Duodenum
Upper small intestine
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus
Inguinal hernia
Abdominal contents herniate though a weak point in the abdominal wall
Small intestine
After being processed in the stomach, food is passed into the small intestine. The majority of digestion and absorption occurs here
chyme
The semifluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secretion and which passes from the stomach into the small intestine.
Villi
Any finger like projections on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, functioning to increase the area for the absorption, secretion or exchange of materials
Bile
Secreted by the liver, aids in absorption & digestion, especially of fats
Gall bladder
A membranous sac attached by ducts to the liver, in which bile is stored and concentrated
Large intestine
Aka Colon. Absorbs water from and eliminates the residues of digestion
Colonoscopy
Is the endoscopic examination of the large bowel with a camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus.
Sigmoidoscopy
Allows an examination of the lower portion of the colon
Diverticula
Small bulging pouches that are found most often in the sigmoid area of the colon. They are common usually after age 40, and seldom cause problems. Sometimes they become inflamed and infected, called diverticulitis
Diverticulitis
Inflamed and infected diverticula.Can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, and a marked change in bowel habits
Type 1 Diabetes
the immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. Therefore glucose builds up in the blood instead of being used as energy. Always treated with insulin
Type 2 Diabetes
Body can’t properly use the insulin produced - insulin sensitivity. Most common. Can be managed by physical activity and diet or medication
Glucose
Food broken down into sugar
pancreas
Produces insulin
Retinopathy
Eye disease that can lead to blindness. Complication of diabetes
Diabetes related complications
Chronic kidney disease, foot problems, non-traumatic lower limb amputation, eye disease, heart attack, stroke and nerve damage
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar. If someone forgets to eat after taking insulin - too much insulin in blood. Insulin shock
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
diabetic coma
A life-threatening diabetes complication that causes unconsciousness
Cecum
Beginning on large intestine
Diaphragm
Breathing muscle between chest and abdomen
Hiatal hernia
The portion of the stomach which has moved into the chest cavity.
Inguinal hernia
Abdominal contents herniate through a weak point in the abdominal wall
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus. Hiatal hernia may cause this.
