Chapter 8 - The Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Cranial Nerve I
A
olfactory - involved in sense of smell (sensory)
2
Q
Cranial Nerve II
A
optic - involved in sense of vision (sensory)
3
Q
Cranial Nerve III
A
oculomotor - involved in movement of eyes, controlling both the exterior and interior parts (motor)
4
Q
Cranial Nerve IV
A
trochlear - involved in muscles that move the eyes (motor)
5
Q
Cranial Nerve V
A
trigeminal - involved in eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, gums, lips and muscles of the mouth (sensory and motor)
6
Q
Cranial Nerve VI
A
abducens - involved with muscle conditioning (motor)
7
Q
Cranial Nerve VII
A
facial - involved with taste, facial expressions, tear glands, and salivary glands (sensory and motor)
8
Q
Cranial Nerve VIII
A
vestibulocochlear - involved in hearing and equilibrium (sensory)
9
Q
Cranial Nerve IX
A
glossopharyngeal - involved in pharynx, tonsils, tongue, and carotid arteries, stimulates salivary glands (sensory and motor)
10
Q
Cranial Nerve X
A
vagus - involved in speech, swallowing, heart muscles, smooth muscles and certain glands (sensory and motor)
11
Q
Cranial Nerve XI
A
accessory (cranial and spinal) - involved in muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, neck and back (motor)
12
Q
Cranial Nerve XII
A
hypoglossal - involved in muscles that move the tongue (motor)
13
Q
acetylcholine
A
chemical neurotransmitter that stimulates cells
14
Q
afferent neuron (sensory)
A
neuron that carries information from the sensory receptyors to the CNS
15
Q
arachnoid
A
middle layer of meninges
16
Q
astrocyte, astroglia
A
a type of neuroglia that maintains nutrient and chemical levels in neurons
17
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
part of the peripherial nervous system that carries impulses from tyhe CNS to glands, smooth muscels, cardiac muscles, and various membranes
18
Q
axon
A
part of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
19
Q
basal ganglia
A
large masses of gray matter within the cerebrum
20
Q
brain
A
body organ responsible for controlling the body’s functions and interactions with outside stimuli
21
Q
brainstem
A
one of the four major divisions of the brain; division that controls cetain herat, lung and visual functions
22
Q
cell body
A
part of a nerve cell that has branches or fivers that reach out to send or receive impulses
23
Q
CNS; central nervous system
A
the brain and spinal cord
24
Q
cerebellum from Latin little brain
A
one of the four major divisions of the brain; division that coordinates musculoskeletal movement
25
cerebral cortex
outer portion fo the cerebrum
26
cerebrum
one of the four major divisions of the brain; division that is involved with emotions, memory, conscious thought, moral behavior, sensory interpretations, and certain bodily movement
27
conductivity
ability to transmit a signal
28
convolutions; gyrus
folds in the cerebral cortex; gyri
29
corpus callosum
bridge of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
30
cranial nerves
the 12 pairs of nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain
31
cranium
bony structure that the brain sits in
32
dendrite
a thin branching extension of a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body
33
diencephalon
one of the four major divisions of the brain; it is the deep portion of the brain contains the thalamus
34
dura mater
outermost layer of meninges
35
efferent neuron (motor)
neuron that carries information to the muscles and glands from the CNS
36
epidural space
area between the pia mater and the bones of the spinal cord
37
epithalamus
one of the parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station
38
excitability
ability to respond to stimuli
39
fissure
one of many indentations of the cerebrum; sulcus
40
frontal lobe
one of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum; contains voluntary motor movements, emotional expression and moral behavior
41
hypothalamus
one of the parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station
42
interneuron
neruon that carries and processes sensory information
43
medulla oblongata
part of the brain stem that regulates heart and lung functions; swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing
44
meininges
three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
45
microglia
a type of neuroglia that removes debris
46
midbrain
part of the brainstem involved with visual reflexes
47
myelin sheath
fatty tissue that covers axons
48
nerve
bundle of neurons that bear electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body
49
nerve cell; neuron
basic cell of the nervous system having three parts: cell body, dendrite, and axon; also called a neuron
50
nerve impulse
released energy that is received or transmitted by tissue or organs and that usually provokes a response
51
neurilemma
membranous covering that protects the myelin sheath
52
neroglia, neroglial cell
cells of the nervous system that does not trasnmit impulses
53
neurotransmitters
various substances located in tiny sacs at the end of the axon
54
occipital lobe
one of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum; controls vision and various forms of expression
55
oligodendroglia
a type of nerugolia that produces myelin (in the CNS) and helps to support neurons
56
parasympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is in a normal state (rest and digset)
57
parietal lobe
one of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum; controls and interprets the senses and taste
58
pia mater
innermost layer of meninges
59
pons
part of the brainstem that controls certain respiratory functions
60
receptors
tissue or organ that receives nerve impules
61
somatic nervous sysem
part of the peripherphal nervous system that recevies and processes sensory input from various parts of the body
62
spinal cord
ropelike tissue that sits inside the vertebral column and from which spinal nerves extend
63
spinal nerves
any of 31 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities
64
stimulus
anything that arouses a response
65
subdural space
area between the dura mater and the pia mater across which the arachnoid runs
66
sympathetic nervous system
part of the autonomic nervous system that operates when the body is under stres
67
synapse
space over which nerve impulses jump from one neuron to another
68
temporal lobe
one of the four parts of each hemisphere of the cerebrum; controls memory, equilibrium, emotion and hearing
69
terminal end fibers
group of fibers at the end of an axon that passes the impulses leaaving the neuron to the next neuron
70
thalamus
one of the four parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station
71
ventral thalamus
one of the four parts of the diencephalon; serves as a sensory relay station
72
ventricle
cavity in the brain for CSF
73
cerebell(o)
cerebellum
74
cerebr(o), cerebri
cerebrum
75
crani(o)
cranium
76
encephal(o)
brain
77
gangli(o)
ganglion
78
gli(o)
neuroglia
79
mening(o), meningi(o)
meninges
80
myel(o)
bone marrow, spinal cord
81
neur(o), neuri
nerve
82
spin(o)
spine
83
thalam(o)
thalaus
84
vag(o)
vagus nerve
85
ventricul(o)
ventricle
86
Ach
acetylcholine
87
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
88
BBB
blood-brain barrier
89
CNS
central nervous system
90
CP
cerebral palsy
91
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
92
CT/CAT scan
computerized (axial) tomogrpahy
93
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
94
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
95
PNS
parasympathetic nervous system
96
Babinski's reflex
reflex on the plantar surface of the foot
97
cerebral angiogram
x-ray of the brain's blood vessels after a dye is injected
98
computerized (axial) tomogrpahy
radiographic imaging that produces cross-sectional images
99
electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of the electrical impulses of the brain
100
encephalogram
record of the radiographci study of the ventricles of the brain
101
evoked potentials
record of the electrical wave patterns observed in an EEG
102
lumbar (spinal) puncture
withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from between two lumbar vertebrae
103
myelogram
x-ray of the spinal cord after a contrast medium has been injected
104
nerve conduction velocity
timing of the conductivity of an electrical shock administered to peripheral neres
105
PET (positron emission tomography)
imaging of the bain using radioactive isotopes and tomography
106
polysomnography
recording of electrical and movement patterns during sleep
107
reflex
involuntary muscular contraction in response to a stimulus
108
SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) brain scan
brain image produced by the use of radioactive isotopes
109
transcranial sonogram
brain images producted by the use of sound waves
110
absence seizure; petit mal seizure
mild epilpetic seizure consisting of brief disorentation with the environment
111
agnosia
inability to receive and understand outside stimuli
112
Alzheimer's disease
a type of degenerative brain disease causing thought disorders, gradual loss of muscle control, and eventually, death
113
amnesia
loss of memory
114
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lou Gehrig's disease
degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death
115
aneurysm
abnormal widening of an artery wall that bursts and releases blood
116
aphasia
loss of speech
117
apraxia
inabiliy to properly use familiar objects
118
astrocytoma
type of glioma formed from astrocytes
119
ataxia
condition with incoordinated volunatry muscular movement, usually resulting from disorders of the cerebellum or spinal cord
120
aura
group of symptoms that precede a seizure
121
bacterial meningitis
meningitis caused by a bacteria; pyrogenic meningitis
122
Bell's palsy
paralysis of one side of the face; usually temporary
123
brain contusion
bruising of the surface of the brain without penetration
124
cerebellitis
inflammation of the cerebellum
125
cerebral infarction; cerebrovascular accident; stroke
neurological incident caused by disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
126
cerebral palsy
congenital disease cuased by famage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth and resulting in lack of motor coordination
127
coma
abnormally deep sleep with little or no response to stimuli
128
concussion
brain injury due to trauma
129
dementia
deterioration in mental capacity, usually in the elderly
130
demyelination
destruction of myelin sheath, particularly in MS
131
dopamine
substance in the brain or manufactured substance that helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease
132
duritis
inflammation of the dura mater
133
dysphasia
speech difficulty
134
embolic stroke
sudden stroke caused by an embolus
135
embolus
clot from somewhere in the body that travels and blocks a small blood vessel (in the brain or in the lungs)
136
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
137
epilepsy
chronic recurrent seizure activity
138
fainting; syncope
loss of consciousness due to a sudden lack of oxygen in the brain
139
gait
manner of walking
140
gangliitis
inflammation of a ganglion
141
ganglion
any group of nerve cell bodies forming a mass or a cyst in the peripehral nervous system; usually forms in the wrist
142
glioblastoma multiforme
most malignant type of glioma
143
glioma
tumor that arises from neuroglia
144
tonic-clonic seizure, grand mal seizure
severe eplipetic seizure accompanied by convulsions, twitching, and loss of consciousness
145
hemorrhagic stroke
stroke caused by blood escaping from a damaged cerebral artery
146
Huntington's chorea
Hereditary disorder with uncontrollable, jerking movements
147
hydrocephalus
overprduction of fluid in the brain
148
meningioma
tumor that arises from the meninges
149
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
150
meningocele
in spina bifida cystica, protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin
151
meningomyelocele
in spina bifida cystica, protrusion of the spinal meninges and spinal cord above the surface of the skin
152
multiple sclerosis (MS)
degenerative disease with loss of myelin, resulting in muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis
153
myasthenia gravis
disease involing overproduction of antibodies that block ceratin neurotransmitters; causes muscle weakness
154
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
155
narcolepsy
nervous system disorder that causes uncontrollable, sudden lapses into deep sleep
156
neuritis
inflammation of the nerves
157
occlusion
blocking of a blood vessel
158
oligodendroglioma
type of glioma formed from oligodendroglia
159
palsy
partial or complete paralysis
160
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, such as tingling
161
Parkinson's disease
degeneration of nerves in the brain caused by lack of sufficient dopamine
162
pyrogenic meningitis
meningitis caused by bacteria; can be fatal; bacterial meningitis
163
radiculitis
inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
164
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
165
shingles
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves
166
somnambulism
sleepwalking
167
somnolence
extreme sleepingess caused by a neurological disorder
168
spina bifida
congenital defect of the spinal column
169
Tay-Sachs disease
hereditary disease that causes deterioration in the CNS and eventually death
170
thrombotic stroke
stroke caused by a thrombus
171
thrombus
blood clot
172
tics
twitching movements that accompany some neurological disorders
173
Tourette syndrome
neurological disorder that cuases uncontrollabel speech sounds and tics
174
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
short neurological incident usuallyl not resulting in permannet injury, but usually signaling that a larger stroke may occur
175
viral meningitis
meningitis cuased by a virus and not as severe as pyrogenic meningitis
176
Cordotomy
Removing part of the spinal cord
177
Craniectomy
Removal of a part of the skull
178
Craniotomy
Incision into the skull
179
Lobectomy
Removal of a portion of the brain to treat certain disorders
180
Lobotomy
Incision into the frontal lobe of the brain
181
Neurectomy
Surgical removal of a nerve
182
Neuroplasty
Surgical repair of a nerve
183
Neurorrhaphy
Suturing of a severed nerve
184
Neurosurgeon
Medical specialist who performs surgery on the brain and spinal cord
185
Neurotomy
dissection of a nerve
186
Stereotaxy, stereotactic surgery
Destruction of deep-seated brain structures using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the structures
187
terphination, trepanation
Circular incision into the skull
188
Vagotomy
surgical severing of the vagus nerve
189
Analgesic
Agent that relieves or eliminates pain
190
Anesthetic
Agent that causes loss of feeling or sensation
191
anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants agent that lessens or prevents convulsions
192
Hypnotic
Agent that induces sleep
193
Narcotic
Agent that relieves pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state
194
Sedative
Agent that relieves feelings of agitation
