Chapter 6 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Aorta
A
Largest artery of the body; vessel through which oxygenated blood exits the heart
2
Q
Aortic valve
A
Valve between the aorta and left ventricle
3
Q
Arteriole
A
a tiny artery connecting to a capillary
4
Q
Artery
A
A thick-walled blood vessel that, in systemic circulation, carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
5
Q
Atrioventricular bundle, Bundle of His
A
bundle of fiberss in the interventricuular septum that transfers charges in the heart’s conduction system; also called bundle of His
6
Q
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
A
specialized part of the interatrial septum that sends a charge to the bundle of His
7
Q
atrioventricular valve
A
One of two valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles
8
Q
atrium (pl. atria)
A
Either of the two upper chambers of the heart
9
Q
Bicuspid valve, Mitral valve
A
atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart
10
Q
blood
A
Essential fluid made up of plasma and other elements that circulates throughout the body; delivers nutrients to and remove waste from the body cells
11
Q
Blood pressure
A
Measure of the force of blood surging against the walls of the arteries
12
Q
Blood vessel
A
Any of the tubular passageways in the cardiovascular system in which blood travels
13
Q
Capillary
A
The smallest blood vessel that forms the exchange point between arterial and venous vessels
14
Q
Carbon dioxide
A
Waste material transported in the venous blood
15
Q
Cardiac cycle
A
Repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart as it circulates blood within itself and pumps it out to the rest of the body or the lungs
16
Q
Cardiovascular
A
Relating to or affecting the heart and blood vessels
17
Q
Carotid artery
A
Artery that transports oxygenated blood to the head and neck
18
Q
Conduction system
A
Part of the heart containing specialized tissue that sends electrical charges through heart fibers, causing the heart to contract and relax at regular intervals
19
Q
Coronary arteries
A
Blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart
20
Q
Depolarization
A
Contracting state of the myocardial tissue in the heart’s conduction system
21
Q
Diastole
A
Relaxation phase of a heartbeat
22
Q
ductus arteriosus
A
Structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetus’s nonfunctioning lungs
23
Q
ductus venosus
A
stcutrue in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flow to bypass the fetal liver
24
Q
Endocardium
A
Membranous lining of the chambers and valves of a heart; the innermost layer of heart tissue
25
Endothelium
Lining of the arteries that secretes substances into the blood
26
Epicardium
Outermost layer of heart tissue
27
Femoral artery
An Artery that supplies blood to the thigh
28
Foreman ovale
Opening in the septum of the fetal heart that closes at birth
29
heart
Muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and sends it into the arteries
30
Inferior vena cava
Large Vein that draws blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
31
Left atrium
Upper left heart chamber
32
Left ventricle
Lower left heart chamber
33
lumen
Channel inside an artery through which blood flows
34
Myocardium
Muscular layer of heart tissue between the epicardium and the endocardium
35
Pacemaker
Term for the sinoatrial node (SA node); Also, an artificial device that regulates heart rhythm
36
Pericardium
Protective covering of the heart
37
Polarization
Resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart
38
Popliteal artery
An artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee
39
Pulmonary artery
One of two arteries that carry blood that is low in oxygen from the hearts to the lungs
40
Pulmonary valve
Valve that controls the blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
41
Pulmonary vein
one of four veins then bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
42
Pulse
Rhythmic expansion and contraction of a blood vessel, usually in artery
43
Repolarization
Recharging state; transition from contraction to resting that occurs in the conduction system of the heart
44
Right atrium
upper right chamber of the heart
45
Right ventricle
Lower right chamber of the heart
46
Saphenous vein
Any of a group of veins that transport deoxygenated blood from the legs
47
Semi lunar valves
One of the two valves that prevent the backflow of blood flowing out of the heart into the aorta and the pulmonary artery
48
Septum (pl. septa)
Partition between the left and right chambers of the heart
49
Sinoatrial node
Region of the right atrium containing specialized tissue that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle, causing it to contract
50
Sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
51
Superior vena cava
Large vein that transports blood collected from the upper part of the body to the heart
52
Systole
contraction phase of the heartbeat
53
Tricuspid valve
Atrioventricular valve on the right side of heart
54
Valve
Any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid flow from going backward or forward
55
vein
Any of various blood vessels caring deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except the pulmonary vein
56
Vena cava (pl. vena cavae)
See superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
57
Ventricle
Either of the two lower chambers of the heart
58
venule
A tiny vein connecting to capillary
59
angi(o)
blood vessel
60
aort(o)
aorta
61
arteri(o), arter(o)
artery
62
ather(o)
fatty matter
63
atri(o)
atrium
64
cardi(o)
heart
65
hemangi(o)
blood vessel
66
pericardi(o)
pericardium
67
phleb(o)
vein
68
sphygm(o)
pulse
69
thromb(o)
blood clot
70
vas(o)
blood vessel
71
ven(o)
vein
72
AcG
accelerator globulin
73
AF
atrial fibrillation
74
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
75
AS
aortic stenosis
76
ASCVD
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
77
ASD
Atrial septal defect
78
ASHD
Arteriosclerotic heart disease
79
AV
Atrioventricular
80
BP
Blood pressure
81
bpm
Beats per minutes
82
CABG
Coronary artery bypass graft
83
CAD
Coronary artery disease
84
cath
Catheter
85
CCU
Coronary care unit
86
CHD
Coronary heart disease
87
CHF
Congested heart failure
88
CO
cardiac output
89
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
90
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
91
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
92
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
93
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
94
DSA
Digital subtraction angiography
95
DVT
Deep venous thrombosis
96
ECG, EKG
Electrocardiogram
97
echo
Echocardiogram
98
ETT
Exercise tolerance test
99
GOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
100
HDL
High-density lipoprotein
101
HR
Heart rate
102
LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase
103
LC
Left ventricle
104
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
105
LVH
Left ventricular hypertrophy
106
MI
Myocardial infarction; Mitral insufficiency
107
MR
Mitral regurgitation
108
MS
Mitral stenosis
109
MUGA
Multiple-gated acquisition scan
110
MVP
Mitral valve prolapse
111
PAC
Premature atrial contraction
112
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
113
PVC
Premature ventricular contraction
114
SA
sinoatrial
115
SV
Stroke volume
116
TC
Total cholesterol
117
tPA, TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
118
VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein
119
VSD
Ventricular septal defect
120
VT
Ventricular tachycardia
121
angiocardiography
Viewing of the heart and its major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of contrast medium
122
Angiography
Viewing of the heart's major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
123
aortography
Viewing of the aorta by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
124
Arteriography
Viewing of a specific artery by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
125
Auscultation
Process of listening to body sounds via a stethoscope
126
Cardiac catheterization
Process of passing a thin catheter through an artery or vein to the heart to take blood samples, inject a contrast medium, or measure various pressures
127
Cardiac enzymes tests/studies
Blood test for determining levels of enzymes during myocardial infarction; Serum enzyme tests
128
Cardiac MRI
Viewing of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging
129
Cardiac scan
Process of viewing the heart muscle at work by scanning the heart of a patient into whom a radioactive substance has been injected
130
Cholesterol
Fatty substance present in animal fats; cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream, sometimes causing arterial plaque to form
131
Digital subtraction angiography
Use a two angiograms done with different dyes to provide a comparison between the results
132
Doppler ultrasound
Ultrasound test of blood flow in certain blood vessels
133
Echocardiography
Use of sound waves to produce images showing the structure and motion of the heart
134
Ejection fraction
Percentage of the volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction
135
Electrocardiography
Use of the electrocardiograph in diagnosis
136
Holter monitor
Portable device that provides a 24 hour ECG
137
Lipid profile
Laboratory testing provides levels of lipids, triglycerides, and other substances in the blood
138
Multiple-gated acquisition angiography (MUGA)
Radioactive scan showing heart function
139
phlebography
Viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium
140
Positron emission tomography scan (PET) scan
Type of nuclear image that measures movement of the areas of the heart
141
serum enzyme tests
Laboratory tests performed to detect enzymes presents during or after a myocardial infarction; cardiac enzymes studies
142
Sonography
Production of images based on the soundwaves against structures
143
Sphygmomanometer
Device for measuring blood pressure
144
Stress test
Testament whose heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions while the patient is exercising on a treadmill
145
Triglyceride
Fatty substance; lipid
146
Venography
veiwing of a vein by x-ray after injection of contrast medium
147
Ventriculogram
X-ray of the ventricle taken after injection of a contrast medium
148
Aneurysm
Ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall
149
Angina, angina pectoris
Chest pain, usually caused by lower oxygen of blood supply to the heart
150
Aortic regurgitation, reflux
backward flow or leakage of blood through a faulty aortic valve
151
Aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aorta
152
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat
153
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
154
arteritis
inflammation of an artery or arteries
155
Asystole
Cardiac arrest
156
Atheroma
A fatty deposit or plaque in the wall of an artery
157
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of atheromas
158
Atrial fibrillation
An irregular, usually rapid, heartbeat caused by overstimulation of AV node
159
Atrioventricular block; heart block
Heart block; partial or complete blockage of electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles
160
Bacterial endocarditis
Bacterial inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
161
Bradycardia
Heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute
162
bruit
Sound or murmur, especially in abnormal heart sounds heard on auscultation, especially of the carotid artery
163
Cardiac arrest
sudden stopping of the heart
164
Cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
165
Cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
166
claudication
limping caused by inadequate blood supply during activities; usually subsides during rest
167
coarctation of the aorta
abnormal narrowing of the aorta
168
Congenital heart disease
Heart disease (Usually a type of malformation) that exist at birth
169
Congestive heart failure
Inability of the heart tol pump enough blood out during the cardiac cycle; collection of fluid in the lungs results
170
Constriction
Compression or narrowing caused by contraction, as of a vessel
171
Coronary artery disease
Condition that reduces the flow of blood and nutrients through the arteries of the heart
172
Cyanosis
Bluish or purpleish coloration, as of the skin, caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood
173
Deep vein thrombosis
Formation of a thrombus (clot) In a deep vein, such as in a femoral vein
174
Dysrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
175
Embolus
mass of foreign material blocking a vessel
176
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium, especially inflammation caused by bacterial or fungal agent
177
Essential hypertension
High blood pressure without any known cause
178
Fibrillation
Random, chaotic, irregular heart rhythm
179
Flutter
Regular but very rapid heartbeat
180
gallop
triple sound of a heartbeat, usually indicative of serious heart disease
181
Hemorrhoids
Varicose condition of veins in the anal region
182
High blood pressure, hypertension
Chronic condition with blood pressure greater than 140/90
183
Hypertensive heart disease
Heart disease caused, or worsened, by high blood pressure
184
Hypotension, low blood pressure
Chronic condition with blood pressure below normal
185
Infarct
Area of necrosis caused by a sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood
186
infarction
sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood, often due to an embolism or thrombus
187
Intermittent claudication
attacks of limping, particularly in the legs, due to ischemia of the muscles
188
intracardiac tumor
A tumor within one of the heart chambers
189
Ischemia
Localized blood insufficiency caused by an obstruction
190
Mitral insufficiency or reflux
backwardd flow of = blood due to damaged mitral valve
191
mitral stenosis
Abnormal narrowing at the opening valve
192
Mitral valve prolapse
backward flow of blood into the left atrium due to protrusion of one or both mitral cusps into left atrium during contractions
193
Murmur
Soft heart humming sound heard between normal beats
194
Myocardial infarction
Sudden drop in supply of blood to an area of the heart muscle, usually due to a blockage in a coronary artery
195
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium
196
necrosis
Death of tissue or an organ or part due to irreversible damage; usually a result of oxygen deprivation
197
occlusion
The closing of the blood vessel
198
Palpitations
Uncomfortable pulsations of the heart felt as a thumping in the chest
199
Patent ductus arteriosus
A condition at birth in which the ductus arteriosus, a small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, remains abnormally open
200
Perfusion deficit
Lack of flow through a blood vessel, usually caused by an occlusion
201
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
202
Peripheral vascular disease
vascular disease in the lower extremities, usually due to blockages in the arteries of the groin or lower legs
203
Petechiae (si. petechia)
Minute hemorrhages in the skin
204
phlebitis
Inflammation of the vein
205
Plaque
Buildup of solid material, such as a fatty deposit, on the lining of an artery
206
Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
atrial contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations
207
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
Ventricular contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations
208
Pulmonary artery stenosis
Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, preventing the lungs from receiving enough blood from the heart to oxygenate
209
Pulmonary edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs
210
Raynaud's phenomenon
Spasm in the arteries of the fingers causing numbness or pain
211
Rheumatic heart disease
Heart valve and or muscle damage caused by an untreated streptococcal infection
212
Risk factor
Any of various factors considered to increase the probability that a disease will occur; for example, high blood pressure and smoking are considered risk factors for heart disease
213
Rub
Frictional sound heard between heartbeats, usually indicating of pericardial murmur
214
Secondary hypertension
Hypertension having a known cause, such as kidney disease
215
Septal defect
Congenital abnormality consisting of an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles
216
Stenosis
Narrowing, particularly of blood vessels or other cardiac valves
217
Tachycardia
Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minutes
218
tetralogy of Fallot
Set of four congenital heart abnormalities appearing together that cause deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
219
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with the thrombus
220
Thrombosis
Presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel
221
Thrombotic occlusion
narrowing caused by a thrombus
222
Thrombus
Stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually form from matter found in the blood
223
Tricuspid stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve
224
valvulitis
Inflammation of a heart valve
225
varicose vien
Dilated, enlarged, or twisted vein, usually on the leg
226
Vegetation
Clot on a heart valve or opening, usually caused by infection
227
Anastomosis
Surgical connection of two blood vessels to allow blood flow between them
228
Angioplasty, Coronary angioplasty
Opening of a blocked blood vessel, as by balloon dilation
229
angioscopy
viewing of the interior of a blood vessel using fiber optic catheter inserted or threaded into the vessel
230
arteriotomy
surgical incision in to an artery, especially to remove a clot
231
atherectomy
Surgical removal of an atheroma
232
Balloon catheter dilation, Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Insertion of a balloon catheter into the blood vessel to open the passage so blood can flow freely
233
Balloon valvuloplasty
Procedure that uses a balloon catheter to open narrowed orifices in cardiac valves
234
Bypass, coronary bypass surgery
A structure (Usually a vein graft) That creates a new passage for blood to flow from one artery to another artery or part of an artery; used to create a detour around blockages in arteries
235
Cardio pulmonary bypass
Procedure used during surgery to divert blood flow to and from the heart through a heart-lung machine and back into circulation
236
Embolectomy
Surgical removal of an embolus
237
endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the disease portion of the lining of an artery
238
endovascular surgery
Any of various procedures performed during cardiac catheterization, such as angioscopy and atherectomy
239
Fontan's operation
Surgical procedure that creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main pulmonary artery; Fontan's procedure
240
Graft
Any tissue organ implants it's replace or mend damaged areas
241
Heart transplant
Implantation of the heart of the person who has just died into a person whose diseased heart cannot sustain life
242
Hemorrhoidectomy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids
243
Intravascular stent
Stent placed within a blood vessel to allow blood to flow freely
244
Phlebotomy
Drawing blood from a vein via a small incision
245
Stent
Surgically implanted device used to hold something open, as a blood vessel
246
Thrombectomy
Surgical removal of a thrombus
247
Valve replacement
Surgical replacement of a coronary valve
248
valvotomy
Incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction
249
Valvuloplasty
Surgical reconstruction of a cardiac valve
250
Venipuncture
Small puncture into a vein, usually to draw blood or inject a solution
251
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
Medication use for heart failure and other cardiovascular problems; acts by dilating arteries to lower blood pressure and makes heart pump easier
252
Anti-anginal
Agent used to relieve or prevent attacks of angina
253
Antiarrhythmic
Agent used to help normalize cardiac rhythm
254
Anti-clotting agent, anticoagulant
Agent that prevents the formation of dangerous clots
255
Antihypertensive
Agent that helps control high blood pressure
256
Beta blocker
Agent that lowers blood pressure by reducing contraction strength of the heart muscle; slows heartbeat
257
Calcium channel blocker
Medication that lessens the ability of calcium ions to enter heart and blood vessel muscle cells;Used to lower blood pressure and normalize some arrhythmias
258
Cardiotonic
Medication for congestive heart failure; increases the force of contractions of the myocardium
259
Diuretic
Medication that promotes the excretion of urine
260
Heparin
Anticoagulant present in the body; also, synthetic version administered to prevent clotting
261
Lipid-lowering
Helpful in lowering cholesterol levels
262
Nitrate
Any of several medications that dilate the veins, arteries, or coronary arteries; used to control angina
263
Statins
A class of lipid-lowering agents that are the most frequently used today
264
Thrombolytic
Agent that dissolves a thrombus
265
Tissue- type plasminogen activator
Agent that prevents a thrombus from forming
266
Vasoconstrictor
Agent that narrows the blood vessels
267
Vasodilator
Agent that dilates or widens the blood vessels
