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Medical Terminology MEDT 1000 > Chapter 5 - The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetabulum

A

cup-shaped depression in the hip bone into which the top of the femur fits

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2
Q

acromion

A

part of scapula that connects to clavicle

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3
Q

amphiarthrosis (pl. amphiarthroses) from Greek amphi- (both) + -arthrosis (joint)

A

cartilaginous joint having some movement at the union of two bones (i.e. vertebrae joint)

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4
Q

ankle

A

hinged area between lower leg bones and bones of foot

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5
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage at a joint

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6
Q

articulation

A

point at which two bones join together to allow movement

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7
Q

atlas

A

first cervical vertebrae

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8
Q

axis

A

second cervical vertebrae

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9
Q

bone

A

hard connective tissue that forms skeleton of the body

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10
Q

bone head

A

upper, rounded end of bone

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11
Q

bone phagocyte

A

bone cell that ingests dead bone and bone debris

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12
Q

bursa (pl. bursae)

A

sac lined with synovial membrane that fills spaces between tendons and joints

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13
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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14
Q

calcium

A

mineral important in formation of bone

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15
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone with lattice-like structure

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16
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, involuntary muscle of heart

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17
Q

carpus, capral bone

A

wrist; wrist bone

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18
Q

cartilage

A

flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton and lining of various parts of body

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19
Q

cartilaginous disk; disk from Latin discus, intervetebral disk

A

thick, circular mass of cartilage between vertebrae of spinal column

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20
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

seven vertebrae of spinal column located in the neck

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21
Q

clavicle

A

curved bone of shoulder that joins to scapula; collar bone

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22
Q

coccyx

A

small bone consisting of four fused vertebrae at the end of the spinal column; tailbone

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23
Q

compact bone

A

hard bone with tightly woven structure

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24
Q

condyle

A

rounded surface at end of bone

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25
Q

crest

A

bony ridge

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26
Q

diaphysis from Greek dia- (through) + -physis (growth)

A

long middle section of a long bone; shaft

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27
Q

diarthrosis (pl. diarthroses) from Greek (articulations)

A

freely movable joints

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28
Q

dorsal vertebrae; thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae of the thorax

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29
Q

elbow

A

joint between upper arm and forearm

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30
Q

endosteum from end(o)- (within) + Greek osteon (bone)

A

lining of medullary cavity

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31
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilagionous tissue that is replaced during growth years, but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth stops

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32
Q

ethmoid bone

A

irregular bone of face attached to the sphenoid bone

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33
Q

ethmoid sinuses

A

sinuses on both sides of nasal cavities between each eye and sphenoid sinus

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34
Q

fascia (pl. fasciae)

A

sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses muscles

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35
Q

femur

A

long bone of the thigh

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36
Q

fibula

A

smalles long bone of the lower leg

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37
Q

fissure

A

deep furrow or slit

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38
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened bones that cover certain areas, as of the skull

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39
Q

fontanelle

A

soft, membranous section on top of an infant’s skull

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40
Q

foramen

A

opening or perforation through a bone

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41
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening in occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

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42
Q

fossa (pl. fossae)

A

despression, as in a bone

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43
Q

frontal bone

A

large bone of skull that forms the top of the head and forehead

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44
Q

frontal sinuses

A

sinuses above the eyes

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45
Q

heel

A

back, rounded portion of the foot

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46
Q

humerus

A

long bone of the arm connecting to the scapula on top and the radius and ulna at the bottom

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47
Q

ilium

A

wide portion of the hip bone

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48
Q

insertion

A

point at which a muscle attaches to a movable bone

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49
Q

involuntary muscle

A

muscle not movable at will

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50
Q

irregular bones

A

any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull

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51
Q

ischium

A

one of three fused bones that form the pelvic girdle

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52
Q

joint

A

place of joining between two or more bones

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53
Q

lacrimal bone

A

thin, flat bone of the face

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54
Q

lamina (pl. laminae)

A

thin, flat part of either side of the arch of a vertebra

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55
Q

ligament

A

sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone

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56
Q

long bone

A

any bone of the extremities with a shaft

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57
Q

lumbar vetebrae

A

five vertebrae of the lower back

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58
Q

malleolus (pl. malleoli)

A

rounded protrusion of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle

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59
Q

mandible; mandibular bone

A

u-shaped bone of the lower jaw

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60
Q

marrow

A

connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients

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61
Q

mastoid process

A

protrusion of the temporal bone that sits behind the ear

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62
Q

maxillary bone

A

bone of the upper jaw

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63
Q

maxillary sinus

A

sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes

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64
Q

medullary cavity

A

soft center cavity in bone that often holds marrow

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65
Q

metacarpal, from meta- (behind) + carpal (of the wrist)

A

one of five bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers

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66
Q

metaphysis, from meta- (behind) + physis (growth)

A

section of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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67
Q

metatarsal bones, from meta- (behind) + tarsus

A

bones of foot between the instep (arch) and the toes

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68
Q

muscle

A

connective tissue that plays a major role in body movement

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69
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

system of body including muscles and bones

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70
Q

nasal bones

A

bones the form the bridge of the nose

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71
Q

nasal cavity

A

cavity on either side of the nasal septum

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72
Q

neural canal

A

space through which the spinal cord passes

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73
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

fibrous mass in the center portion of the intervetebral disk

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74
Q

occipital bone

A

bone that froms the lower back portion of the skull

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75
Q

olecranon

A

curved end of the ulna to which tendons of the arm muscles attach; bony prominence of the elbow

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76
Q

origin

A

point at which muscles attach to stationary bone

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77
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue into which calcium salts are deposited

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78
Q

ossification

A

hardening into bone

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79
Q

osteoblast from osteo- (bone) + -blast (forming)

A

cell that forms bone

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80
Q

osteoblast from osteo- (bone) + -clast (breaking)

A

large cell that reabsorbs and removes osseous tissue

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81
Q

osteocyte from osteo- (bone) + -cyte (cell)

A

bone cell

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82
Q

palatine bone

A

bone that helps form the hard palate and nasal cavity; located behind the maxillary bones

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83
Q

parietal bone

A

flat, curved bone on either side of the upper part of the skull

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84
Q

patella

A

large, sesamoid bone that forms the kneecap

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85
Q

pelvic cavity

A

cup-shaped cavity formed by the large bones of the pelvic gridle; contains female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, bladder and rectum

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86
Q

pelvic girdle

A

hip bones

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87
Q

pelvis

A

cup-shpaed ring of bone and ligaments at the base of the trunk

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88
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering the surface of the bone

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89
Q

phalanx (pl. phalanges)

A

long bones of the fingers and toes

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90
Q

phosphorus

A

mineral important to the formation of bone

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91
Q

process

A

bony outgrowth or projection

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92
Q

pubes

A

anteroinferior portion of the hip bone

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93
Q

pubic symphysis

A

joint between the two pubic bones

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94
Q

radius

A

shorter bone of the forearm

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95
Q

rib

A

one of 24 bones that form the chest wall

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96
Q

sacrum

A

penultimate spinal vertebra made up of five fused bones; vertebra that forms part of the pelvis

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97
Q

scapula

A

large flat bone that forms the shoulder blade

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98
Q

sella turcica

A

bony depresion in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

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99
Q

sesamoid bone

A

bone formed in a tendon over a joint

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100
Q

shin

A

anterior ridge of the tibia

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101
Q

short bones

A

square-shaped bones with approximately equal dimensions on all sides

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102
Q

sinus

A

hollow cavity, especially either of two cavities on the sides of the nose

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103
Q

skeleton

A

bony framework of the body

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104
Q

smooth muscle

A

fibrous muscle of internal organs that acts involuntarily

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105
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bone that forms the base of the skull

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106
Q

sphenoid sinus

A

sinus above and behind the nose

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107
Q

spinal column

A

column of vertebrae at the posterior of the body, from the neck to the coccyx

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108
Q

spinous process

A

protrusion from the center of the vertebral arch

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109
Q

spongy bone

A

bone with an open latticework filled with connective tissue or marrow

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110
Q

sternum

A

long, flat bone that forms the midline of the anterior of the thorax

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111
Q

striated muscle

A

muscle with a ribbed appearance that is controlled at will

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112
Q

styloid process

A

peg-shaped protrusion from a bone

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113
Q

sulcus (pl. sulci) from Latin (furrow)

A

groove or furrow in the surface of a bone

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114
Q

suture

A

joining of two bone parts with a fibrous membrane

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115
Q

symphysis from Greek sym- (together) + -physis (growth)

A

type of cartilaginous joint uniting two bones

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116
Q

synarthrosis

A

fibrous joint with no movement

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117
Q

synovial fluid

A

fluid that lubricates joints

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118
Q

synovial joint

A

a joint that moves

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119
Q

synovial membrane

A

connective tissue lining the cavity of joints and producing the synovial fluid

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120
Q

tarsus, tarsal bones

A

seven bones of the instep (arch) of foot

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121
Q

temporal bone

A

large bone forming the base and sides of the skull

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122
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

joint of the lower jaw between the temporal bone and the mandible

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123
Q

tendon

A

fibrous band that connects muscle to bone or other structures

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124
Q

thorax

A

part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; chest

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125
Q

tibia

A

larger of the two lower leg bones

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126
Q

transverse process

A

protrusion on either side of the vertebral arch

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127
Q

trochanter

A

bony protrusion at the upper end of the femur

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128
Q

true ribs

A

seven upper ribs of the chest that attach to the sternum

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129
Q

tubercle

A

slight bony elevation to which a ligament or muscle may be attached

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130
Q

tuberosity

A

large elevation in the surface of a bone

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131
Q

ulna

A

larger bone of the forearm

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132
Q

vertebra (pl. vertebrae)

A

one of the bony segments of the spinal column

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133
Q

vertebral body

A

main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra

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134
Q

vertebral column

A

spinal column

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135
Q

visceral muscle

A

smooth muscle

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136
Q

vitamin D

A

vitamin important to the formation of bone

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137
Q

voluntary muscle

A

striated muscle

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138
Q

vomer

A

flat bone forming the nasal septum

139
Q

zygomatic bone

A

bone that forms the cheek

140
Q

acetabul(o)

A

acetabulum

141
Q

acromi(o)

A

end point of the scapula

142
Q

ankyl(o)

A

bent, crooked

143
Q

arthr(o)

A

joint

144
Q

brachi(o)

A

arm

145
Q

burs(o)

A

bursa

146
Q

calacne(o)

A

heel

147
Q

calci(o)

A

calcium

148
Q

carp(o)

A

wrist

149
Q

cephal(o)

A

head

150
Q

cervic(o)

A

neck

151
Q

chondr(o)

A

cartilage

152
Q

condy(o)

A

knob, knuckle

153
Q

cost(o)

A

rib

154
Q

crani(o)

A

skull

155
Q

dactyl(o)

A

fingers, toes

156
Q

fasci(o)

A

fascia

157
Q

femor(o)

A

femur

158
Q

fibr(o)

A

fiber

159
Q

humer(o)

A

humerus

160
Q

ili(o)

A

ilium

161
Q

ischi(o)

A

ischium

162
Q

kyph(o)

A

hump; bent

163
Q

lamin(o)

A

lamina

164
Q

leiomy(o)

A

smooth muscle

165
Q

lumb(o)

A

lumbar

166
Q

maxill(o)

A

upper jaw

167
Q

metacarp(o)

A

metacarpal

168
Q

my(o)

A

muscle

169
Q

myel(o)

A

spinal cord; bone marrow

170
Q

oste(o)

A

bone

171
Q

patell(o)

A

knee

172
Q

ped(i), ped(o)

A

foot (child)

173
Q

pelv(i)

A

pelvis

174
Q

phalang(o)

A

finger or toe bone

175
Q

pod(o)

A

foot

176
Q

pub(o)

A

pubis

177
Q

rachi(o)

A

spine

178
Q

radi(o)

A

forearm bone, radius

179
Q

rhabd(o)

A

rod-shaped

180
Q

rhabdomy(o)

A

striated muscle

181
Q

scapul(o)

A

scapula

182
Q

scoli(o)

A

curved

183
Q

spondyl(o)

A

vertebra

184
Q

stern(o)

A

sternum

185
Q

synov(o)

A

synovial membrane

186
Q

tars(o)

A

tarsus

187
Q

ten(o), tend(o), tendin(o)

A

tendon

188
Q

thorac(o)

A

thorax

189
Q

tibi(o)

A

tibia

190
Q

uln(o)

A

ulna

191
Q

vertebr(o)

A

vertebra

192
Q

A-K

A

above the knee (amputation)

193
Q

ASIS

A

anterior superior iliac spine

194
Q

B

A

bilateral

195
Q

B-K

A

below the knee (amputation)

196
Q

C1, C2, etc

A

cervical vertebra

197
Q

Ca

A

calcium

198
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

199
Q

D1, D2, etc

A

dorsal vertebra, see thoracic vertebra

200
Q

T1, T2, etc

A

thoracic vertebra

201
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

202
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflex

203
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

204
Q

Fx

A

fracture

205
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

206
Q

L

A

left

207
Q

L1, L2, etc

A

lumbar vertebra

208
Q

MCP

A

metacarpophalangeal

209
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory druf

210
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

211
Q

P

A

phosphorus

212
Q

PIP

A

proximal interphalangeal joints

213
Q

PSIS

A

posterior superior iliac spine

214
Q

R

A

right

215
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

216
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

217
Q

TMJ

A

temporomandibular joint

218
Q

arthrography

A

radiography of a joint

219
Q

arthroscopy

A

examination with an instrument that epxlores the interior of a joint

220
Q

bone scan

A

radiographic or nuclear medicine image of a bone

221
Q

chiropractor

A

health care professional who works to align the spinal column so as to treat certain ailments

222
Q

densitometer

A

device that measures bone density using light and x-rays

223
Q

diskography

A

radiographic image of an intervertebral disk by injection of a contrast medium into the center of the disk

224
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

a graphic image of muscular action using electrical currents

225
Q

goniometer

A

instrument that meaures angles or range of motion in a joint

226
Q

myelography

A

radiographic imaging of the spinal cord

227
Q

orthopedist, orthopedic surgeon

A

physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system

228
Q

osteopath

A

physician who combines manipulative treatment with conventional therapeutic measures

229
Q

podiatrist

A

medical specialist who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the foot

230
Q

rheumatoid factor test

A

test used to detect RA

231
Q

rheumatologist

A

physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorder of the joints and musculoskeletal systems

232
Q

serum calcum

A

test for calcium in the blood

233
Q

serum creatinine phosphokinase

A

enzyme active in muscle contraction; usually phosphokinase is elevated after a myocardial infarction and in the presence of other degenerative muscle diseases

234
Q

serum phosphorus

A

test for phosphorus in the blood

235
Q

Tinel’s sign

A

“pins and needles” sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped

236
Q

uric acid test

A

test for acid content in urine; elevated levels may indicate gout

237
Q

ankylosis

A

stiffening of a joint, especially as a result of disease

238
Q

arhtralgia

A

severe joint pain

239
Q

arthritis

A

any of various conditions involving joint inflammation

240
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away of tissue, organs and cells, usually as a result of disease or loss of blood supply

241
Q

bony necrosis

A

death of portions of bone

242
Q

bunion

A

an inflamed bursa at the foot joint, between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone

243
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

244
Q

calcar

A

spur

245
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

pain and paresthesis in the hand due to repetitive motion injury of the median nerve

246
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of cartilage

247
Q

closed fracture

A

fracture with no open skin wound

248
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

fracture of distal end of radius

249
Q

comminuted fracture

A

fracture with shattered bones

250
Q

complex fracture

A

fracture with part of the bone displaced

251
Q

complicated fracture

A

fracture involving extensive soft tissue injury

252
Q

compound fracture

A

fracture with an open skin wound; open fracture

253
Q

compression fracture

A

fracture of one or more vertebrae caused by compression of the space betweeen the vertebrae

254
Q

contracture

A

extreme resistance to stretching of a muscle

255
Q

crepitation, crepitus

A

noise made by rubbing together of bones

256
Q

degenerative arthritis

A

arthritis with erosion of the cartilage

257
Q

dislocation

A

movement of a joint out of its normal position as a result of an injury or sudden, strenuous movement

258
Q

dystonia

A

abnormal tone in tissues

259
Q

epiphysitis

A

inflammation of the epiphysis

260
Q

exostosis

A

abnormal bone growth capped with cartilage

261
Q

flaccid

A

without tone; relaxed

262
Q

fracture

A

a break, especially in a bone

263
Q

gouty arthritis, gout

A

inflammation of the joints, present in gout; usually caused by uric acid crystals

264
Q

greenstick fracture

A

fracture with twisting or bending of the bone but no breaking; usually occurs in children

265
Q

hairline fracture

A

fracture with no bone separation or fragmentation

266
Q

herniated disk

A

protrusion of an intervetrebral disk into the neural canal

267
Q

hypertrophy

A

abnormal increase as in muscle size

268
Q

hypotonia

A

abnormally reduced muscle tension

269
Q

impacted fracture

A

fracutre in which a fragment from one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part

270
Q

incomplete fracture

A

fracture that does not go entirely through a bone

271
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal posterior spine curature

272
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

273
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

274
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal anterior spine curvature reslting in a sway back

275
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

progressive degenrative disorder affecting the musculoskeletal system and, later, other organs

276
Q

myalgia, myodynia

A

muscle pain

277
Q

myeloma

A

bone marrow tumor

278
Q

myoma

A

benign muscle tumor

279
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of a muscle

280
Q

open fracture

A

fracture with an open skin wound; compound fracture

281
Q

ostealgia, osteodynia

A

bone pain

282
Q

osteoarthritis

A

arthritis with loss of cartilage

283
Q

osteoma

A

benign bone tumor, usually on the skull or mandible

284
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone

285
Q

osteoporosis

A

degenerative thinning of bone

286
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of bone

287
Q

pathological fracture

A

fracture occurring at the site of already damaged bone

288
Q

phantom limb; phantom pain

A

pain felt in a paralyzed or amputated limb

289
Q

physical therapy

A

movement therapy to restore use of damaged areas of the body

290
Q

podagra

A

pain in the big toe, often associated with gout

291
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor in striated muscle

292
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor in striated muscle

293
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue

294
Q

rickets

A

disease of the skeletal system, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency

295
Q

rigidity

A

stiffness

296
Q

rigor

A

stiffening

297
Q

sciatica

A

pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition

298
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column

299
Q

sequestrum

A

piece of dead tissue or bone separated from the surrounding area

300
Q

simple fracture

A

fracture with no open skin wound

301
Q

spasm

A

sudden, involuntary muscle contraction

302
Q

spastic

A

tending to have spasms

303
Q

spina bifida

A

congential defect with deformity of the spinal column

304
Q

spinal curvature

A

abnormal curvatrue of the spine

305
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative condition in which one vertebra misaligns with one below it; slipped disk

306
Q

spondylolysis

A

degenerative condition of the moving part of a a vertebra

307
Q

sprain

A

injury to a joint without dislocation or fracture (can involve a ligament). this is worse than a strain and often takes longer to heal than does a fracture and can be more painful

308
Q

spur

A

bony projection growing out of a bone; calcar

309
Q

strain

A

injury to a muscle as a result of improrper use or overuse

310
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation, as between joint surfaces

311
Q

talipes calcaneus

A

deformity of a the heel resulting from weakened calf muscles

312
Q

talipes valgus

A

foot deformity characterized by eversion of the foot

313
Q

talipes varus

A

foot deformity characterized by inversion of the foot

314
Q

tendinitis, tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

315
Q

tetany

A

painfully long muscle contraction

316
Q

tremor

A

abnormal, repetitive muscle contractions

317
Q

amputation

A

cutting off of a limb or part of a limb

318
Q

arthrocentesis

A

removal of fluid from a joint with use of a puncture needle

319
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fusion of a joint to stiffen it

320
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical replaccement or repair of a joint

321
Q

bone grafting

A

transplantation of bone from one site to another

322
Q

bunionectomy

A

removal of a bunion

323
Q

bursectomy

A

removal of a bursa

324
Q

casting

A

forming of a cast in a mold; placing of fiberglass or plaster over a body part to prevent its movement

325
Q

external fixation device

A

device applied externally to hold a limb in place

326
Q

internal fixation device

A

device, such as a pin, inserted in bone to hold it in place

327
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of part of an intervetebral disk

328
Q

myoplasty

A

surgical repair of muscle tissue

329
Q

orthosis, orthotic

A

external appliance used to immobilize or assist the movement of the spine or limbs

330
Q

osteoclasis

A

breaking of a bone in order to repair or reposition it

331
Q

osteoplasty

A

surgical replacement or repair of bone

332
Q

osteotomy

A

cutting of bone

333
Q

prosthetic device

A

artificial device used as a substitute for a missing or diseased body part

334
Q

reduction

A

return of a part to its normal position

335
Q

splinting

A

applying a splint to immobilize a body part

336
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

fusion of two or more spinal vertebrae

337
Q

synovectomy

A

removal of part or all of a joint’s synovial membrane

338
Q

tenotomy

A

surgical cutting of a tendon

339
Q

traction

A

dragging or pulling or straightening of something, as a limb, by atachment of elastic or other devices.

340
Q

analgesic

A

pain reliever

341
Q

anti-inflammatory (corticorsteroids)

A

to reduce inflammation

342
Q

muscle relaxant

A

to relieve stiffness

343
Q

NSAIDs

A

to reduce inflammation, non-steroidal

Medical Terminology MEDT 1000 (8 decks)

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