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Environmental Science > Chapter 8: The Human Population > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Human Population Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Demograhy

A

collecting, compiling, and presenting info about human populations

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2
Q

Demographers

A

study population processes (migration, changes in fertility, mortality)

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3
Q

r-selected species (r-strategists)

A

have high reproductive potential (r), short-lived, low parental care

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4
Q

K-seleced species (K-strategists)

A

remain close to carrying capacity (K), long life spans, older age at first reproduction, parental care, fewer offspring

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5
Q

Why are humans critically different from other species?

A
  1. They show exponential growth (r-strategists)

2. They have high parental care (K-strategists)

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6
Q

What happened in the 20th century?

A

the human population tripled

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7
Q

What has led to improved well-being?

A

Technology

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8
Q
  1. What has risen, and

2. how much has infant mortality been reduced by?

A
  1. life expectancy

2. 2/3rds

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9
Q

What kind of curve does human population growth show?

A

J-shaped curve

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10
Q

Population

A

an interbreeding group of a species in the same area

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11
Q

Global population are…

A

interconnected

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12
Q

Only humans can regulate…

A

reproduction

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13
Q

How have the revolutions changed our lives?

A
  1. they changed the way humans interact with their environment
  2. brought humans from a number of isolated population to the global poplation of today
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14
Q

Paleolithic life (50,000 - 10,000 yrs ago)

A
  • lived in small tribes
  • hunter-gatherers
  • moved constantly
  • nomadic omnivors
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15
Q

Neolithic Revolution (12,000 years ago)

A
  • people in the Middle East began to develop animal husbandry and agriculture (abundant food supply)
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16
Q

What did the Neolithic Revolution result in?

A

settlements and specialization of labor

- technology produced tools, trae, cities, food storage (trade and commerce were born)

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17
Q

Whad did the Neolithic Revolution reduce?

A

mortality and reliable food production equals population growth

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18
Q

What led to the Industrial Revolution?

A

the birth of modern science and technology in the 17th and 18th centuries

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19
Q

Industrial Revolution

A
  • technology energized by fossil fuels
  • coal, oil, and natural gas let people do much more work than by human or animal power
  • the extra energy let people produce more food
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20
Q

Negatives of the Industrial Revolution

A

produced pollution and resource exploitation

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21
Q

What led to the Medical Revolution?

A
  • diseases hit infants and children the hardest
  • Epidemics killed adults
  • humans had high reproductive rates and high mortality rates, resulting in low population growth
  • scientists were able to tell that diseases were caused by infectious agents
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22
Q

The Medical Revolution (18th century)

A
  1. Decreases in child and infant mortality

2. High birth rates and low mortality rates resulted in exponential population growth

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23
Q

What were the decreases in child and infant mortality due to?

A
  1. vaccinations
  2. cities and towns treating sewage and drinking water
  3. penicillin cured pneumonia and blood poisoning
  4. nutritional improvements
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24
Q

Green Revolution (industrialized agriculture)

A

Crops, fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides are all part of industrialized agriculture

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25
Q

What caused the Green Revolution?

A

concerns over producing food for the larger populations

  • pesticides, irrigation, and fertilizer increased yields
  • countries could feed growing populations
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26
Q

Costs of the Green Revolution

A
  1. erosion, soil and water pollution, loss of native plants
  2. soil and water being used faster than they can be replaced
  3. pesticide resistance
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27
Q

Pesticide Resistance

A

target organisms are no longer affected by pesticides

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28
Q

Population growth is pressurig for more…

A

production

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29
Q

The newest revolution

A

The Environmental Revolution

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30
Q

What will the Environmental Revolution come from?

A
  1. efficient technologies, urban and regional planning
  2. policy and industrial changes
  3. personal decisions to reduce impact on planet
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31
Q

Which revolution has the greatest impact on the future quality of human life?

A

The Environmental Revolution

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32
Q

Order of revolutions

A
  1. Neolithic Revolution
  2. Industrial Revolution
  3. Medical Revolution
  4. Green Revolution
  5. Environmental Revolution
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33
Q

What have humans done through all five revolutions?

A

increased their carrying capacity

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34
Q

What are some limiting factors of the 20th century?

A
  • pollution
  • limited agricultural space
  • depleted fisheries
  • trade-offs beween ecosystems we need for their services vs. land and water needed for human activities
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35
Q

What is the best estimate for human carrying capacity?

A

7.7 billion

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36
Q

When are we expected to exceed this carrying capacity?

A

2024

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37
Q

How many people will their be by 2085?

A

10 billion people

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38
Q

Developed countries

A

high-income nations

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39
Q

Developing countries

A

middle- and low-income nations

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40
Q

What does Human Development Index measure?

A

general well-being

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41
Q

What is well-being/Human Development Index based on?

A

Life expectancey, education, per capita income

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42
Q

Human Poverty Index

A

literacy and iing standards directly measure poverty

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43
Q

Population growth in rich nations

A

Rich nations = 0.1% per year

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44
Q

Population growth in middle and low income nations

A

1.5% per year

45
Q

Where is growth rate lowest?

A

uper income nations

46
Q

What kind of nations have larger populations and higher birth rates?

A

Developing nations

47
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of kids each woman has over her lifetime

48
Q

Replacement-level fertility

A

fertility rate that replaces the parent’s population

49
Q

Fertility rates have dropped…

A

globally

50
Q

Where have fertility rates dropped the most?

A

developed countries

51
Q

What is the I=PAT formula?

A

Environmental Impact = Population x Affluence and Consumption x Level of Technology of the Society

52
Q

What does the I=PAT formula describe?

A

human factors that contribute to environmental deterioration and resource depletion

53
Q

How can developed nations severely impact the environment?

A

High A and T, but a small P

54
Q

Environmental impacts are not always experienced at the same place where…

A

the resources are consumed

55
Q

Some high-density places have healthy, long lived people, but…

A

these places can be so crowded because they use resources over a much wider area (their impact is far-reaching)

56
Q

Ecological (environmental) footprint

A

estimate of the amount of land and ocean required to provide resources and absorb wastes

57
Q

What can help estimate an environmental footprint?

A

IPAT formula

58
Q

The GINI Index

A

measures inequality in nations

59
Q

What county has the lowest inequality?

A

Sweden (23)

60
Q

What country has the highest inequality?

A

South Africa (65)

61
Q

Where does the U.S. lie in the measurement of inequality?

A

(45), the top 1% own 47% of the wealth

62
Q

What can the technology part of IPAT be lowered by?

A

Stewardship (I=PAT/S)

63
Q

What may offset the negative impact of a consumer lifestyle?

A
  1. attention to wildlife conservation
  2. pollution control
  3. energy conservation and efficiency
  4. recycling
64
Q

What three things must happen to transition to a sustainable future?

A
  1. populations must stabilize (birth control)
  2. consumption must decrease
  3. stewardly action must increase
65
Q

Five options for nations with high population growth

A
  1. Intensifying cultivation
  2. Opening up new lands
  3. Illicit activities
  4. Migration between countries
  5. Migration to cities
66
Q

Intensifying cultivation

A

highly productive crop varieties produce more food

67
Q

Opening up new lands

A

most good land is already in producion

  • conversion of forests to ag. space
  • Ex. slash and burn in the rainforest to create ag. and grazing land
68
Q

Illicit activities

A

desperate people break the law

- joblessness results in growing drug-related crops and poaching wildlife

69
Q

Migration between countries

A

to improve well-being

  • 35% of immigrants in the U.S. have entered illegally
  • escape civil wars or ethnic persecution
70
Q

Migration to cities

A

for jobs and a better life

  • by 2050, 70% of pop. will live in cities
  • pop. growth and migration to cities are outpacing economic growth
  • rapic growing cities can’t provide basic services
71
Q

What problems do rich nations face?

A
  1. they develop the most pollution
  2. the world’s richest 20% are responsible for 76% of all consumption and 80% of trade
  3. transfer waste to distant locations and don’t see the negative impacts
72
Q

What does wealth allow for?

A

Conservation, management, better agriculture, pollution control

73
Q

What caused the reduced growth rates and fewer people added?

A

Lower fertility rates

74
Q

What was the TFR in the 1960’s and what is it now?

A

Then: 5.0
Now: 2.6

75
Q

What affects population growth?

A

the age at which a woman first reproduces (earlier reproduction results in higher growth)

76
Q

When will populaion level off?

A

the 22nd century

77
Q

What must people do to reach “only” 93 billion?

A

purposefully reduce their fertility at a rate we are not yet seeing

78
Q

Population profile

A

shows the number of people (males and females) at each age for a population

79
Q

Age structure

A

the number of people in each age group at a given date

80
Q

Projections

A

using clear assumptions about fertility, mortality, and migration

81
Q

What does a graying population have

A

a high proportion of elderly (possible to have a net population decline)

82
Q

What are fertility rates in graying populations?

A

less than 2

83
Q

What will European countries have to do to help their culture survive?

A
  1. Encourage more children
    - offer child allowances, tax credits, large-family discounts
  2. Be open to immigration
84
Q

Highly developed countries ith lower FR’s are facing the problems of…

A

a graying nation

85
Q

What would an ideal population age structure have?

A
  1. An equal number of people in each 15-year age group

2. a life expectancy of 75 years

86
Q

Declining fertility rates in developing countries are still well above what?

A

Replacement level fertility

87
Q

What is the average TFR in developing countries?

A

3.2

88
Q

With a TFR of 6.3, Burkina Faso’s populaton will increase from ______ to _____

A

15.3 to 25.4 million

89
Q

What percentage of the population is younger than 15 in many developing nations?

A

40-50%

90
Q

Population momentum

A

the effect of current age structures on future populations

91
Q

When will a stable population be obtained?

A

When the population has been at replacement levl fertility for decades

92
Q

Demographic transition

A

a shift in birth and death rates from the primitive to the modern societies

93
Q

Modern societies

A

lower birth rates, lower death rates, and are industrialized

94
Q

Primitive:

A

high birth rates being offest by high death rates

95
Q

Crude birth rate (CBR)

A

the number of births per thousand people per year

96
Q

Crude death rate (CDR)

A

number of deaths per thousand people per year

97
Q

CBR - CDR =

A

natural increase (decrease) per 1,000 per year

98
Q

% increase (decrease) =

A

natural increase (decrease)/10

99
Q

Zero growth

A

CBR and CDR are equal and no migraition

100
Q

Epidemiologic transition

A

the pattern of change in mortality factors (disease, etc.)

101
Q

Fertility transition

A

crude birthrates have declined in developed countries

  • didn’t happen at same time as eidemiologic transition
  • was delayed until decades after the eidemiologic transition
102
Q

When CBR and CDR are out of phase…

A

rapid population growth occurs

103
Q

Pases of the demographic trasition

A

Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV

104
Q

Phase I

A

primitive stability (high CBR is offset by high CDR)

105
Q

Phase II

A

Epidemiologic transition due to medical revolution

  • declining CDR
  • High CBR results in rapid population growth
106
Q

Phase III

A

Fertility rates declining, population growth is still significant

107
Q

Phase IV

A

Modern stability is reached, CDR and CBR are both low

108
Q

What phase are developed countries in?

A

Phase IV

109
Q

What phases are developing countries in?

A

Phase II and III

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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