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Environmental Science > Chapter 4: Populations and Communities > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Populations and Communities Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Members of the same species that live in the same area

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2
Q

Community

A

Different species that all live in the same area

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3
Q

Population growth

A

A change in populaion size

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4
Q

Equilibrium

A

(births + immigration) = (deaths + emigration)

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5
Q

Population Growth Rate

A

Amount the population has changed divided by the time it had to change

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6
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Growth at a constant rate of increase

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7
Q

Population Explosion

A

Results from exponential growth

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8
Q

J-curve

A

the curve of exponential growth

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9
Q

Logistic Growth

A

Some process slows growth so it levels off near carrying capacity

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10
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

the maximum population of a species a habitat can support without being ruined

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11
Q

S-curve

A

Results from logistic growth

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12
Q

Biotic potential

A

The number of offspring produced under ideal conditions

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13
Q

Environmental Resistance

A

The biotic and abiotic factors that limit a population’s increase

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14
Q

K-strategists

A

Lower biotic potential

  1. care for and protect young
  2. live in stable environment
  3. larger, longer lived, well-adapted to normal environmental fluctuations
  4. populations fluctuate around carrying capacity
  5. equilibrian species
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15
Q

R-strategists

A

Produce lots of young, but leave their survival to nature

  1. low recruitment
  2. rapid reproduction/movement/life span
  3. adapted to changing environment
  4. “boom-and-bust”
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16
Q

3 Survivorship curves

A

Type 1 Survivorship: low mortality in early life
Type 2 Survivorship: Intermediate survivorship pattern
Type 3 Survivorship: many offspring that die young

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17
Q

Population Density

A

Number of individuals per area

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18
Q

Density-Dependent Factor

A

Increases with increased population density

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19
Q

Density-Independent Factor

A

Its effects are independent of the density of the population

20
Q

Top-Down Regulation

A

Control of a population

21
Q

Bottom-Up Regulaion

A

Control of a population occurs as a result of scarcity of a resource

22
Q

Critical Number

A

the minimum population base allowing the survival and recovery of a population

23
Q

Threatened Species

A

populations are declining rapidly

24
Q

Endangered Species

A

Populations are near critical number

25
Q

Predator

A

The organism that does the feeding

26
Q

Prey

A

the organism that is fed upon

27
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that feeds on its “prey,” usually without killing it

28
Q

Host

A

The organism that is being fed upon

29
Q

Herbivory

A

Eating plants

30
Q

Keystone Species

A

Play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem biotic structure

31
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

Competition between members of the same species for resources

32
Q

Territory

A

An area defended by an individual or group

33
Q

Territoriality

A

Reduces intraspecific fighting, which ensures adequate resources for some

34
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Fighting between different species in the same area

35
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Species can’t survive if they compete directly in many respects

36
Q

Resource Partitioning

A

The dividion of a resource and specialization in different parts of it

37
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit

38
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits but the other is unaffected

39
Q

Amensalism

A

One species is harmed while the other in unaffected

40
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship between two organisms

41
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Environmental resistance factors that affect survival and reproduction

42
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process of specific traits favoring survival of certain individuals

43
Q

Biological Evolution

A

Modification of the gene pool of a species by natural selection over generations

44
Q

Fitness

A

An individual’s average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

45
Q

Reproduction Isolation

A

The original populations separate into two populations

46
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Populations becaome isolated through the slow movement of Earth’s continents

47
Q

Tectonic Plates

A

Huge slabs of rock in the Earth’s crust that float on an elastic layer beneath them

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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