Chapter 18 and 20.1

Question 1

Disinfection

Answer 1

Chlorine is added to water for disinfection

Question 2

Corrosion control

Answer 2

pH is adjusted

Question 3

Screening

Answer 3

wood, rocks, and even dead animals are removed from the wastewater

Question 4

Pumping

Answer 4

the water has to be pumped into aeration tanks if the plant is built above groud

Question 5

Aerating

Answer 5

shake up the sewage and expose it to air so some of the dissolved gasses are released from the water

Question 6

What does aeration replenish?

Answer 6

oxygen

Question 7

Early in the Industrial Revolution…

Answer 7

Chemicals and sewage were dumped directly into the U.S. waterways

Question 8

Pathogens

Answer 8

disease-carrying bacteria, viruses, parasites

Question 9

Organic matter

Answer 9

human and animal wastes, leaves, grass, trash, etc.

Question 10

Inorganic chemicals

Answer 10

heavy metals, acids from mine drainage or precipitation

Question 11

Organic chemicals

Answer 11

petroleum, pesticides, industrial chemicals

Question 12

Industrial chemicals

Answer 12

polychlorinated biphenyls, cleaning solvents, detergents

Question 13

Biomagnification

Answer 13

chemicals become concentrated when going up the food chain

Question 14

What do land weathering and storms wash into water?

Answer 14

sediments

Question 15

What increases sedimentation?

Answer 15

Erosion from farms, deforestation, overgrazing, construction, mining, and roads

Question 16

Atmoshpere

Answer 16

a collection of gases held by gravity around the Earth

Question 17

Troposphere

Answer 17

the lowest level (ground to 10 miles up)

Question 18

What occurs in the troposphere?

Answer 18

air pollution, weather, and storms

Question 19

Why is the troposphere important?

Answer 19

Weather is dependent on changes in this layer

Question 20

Stratosphere

Answer 20

temperature increases with altitude (40 miles above Earth’s surface)

Question 21

What does the stratosphere contain?

Answer 21

Ozone (O3)(ozone destruction area)

Question 22

Ozone

Answer 22

absorbs the sun’s high energy radiation

Question 23

Mesosphere and thermosphere

Answer 23

declining ozone levels (highest levels)

Question 24

Weather

Answer 24

day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, all mediated by the atmosphere

Question 25

Climate

Answer 25

the result of long-term regional weather patterns

Question 26

Meteorology

Answer 26

the study of the atmosphere (weather and climate)

Question 27

Climate

Answer 27

the general patterns of weather that characterize different regions of the world

Question 28

Climate results from all the combined elements of:

Answer 28

1. general atmospheric circulation patterns and precipitation
2. wind and the weather systems
3. rotation and tilt of Earth (creates seasons)

Question 29

Adaptation

Answer 29

anticipate harm and plan adaptive responses to decrease vulnerability of people, property, and the biosphere

Question 30

Mitigation

Answer 30

take action to prevent emissions

Question 31

The world’s larges GHG emitters are not participation

Answer 31

India, China, U.S.

Question 32

Cap-and-trade programs

Answer 32

government sets GHG limits, which are gradually lowered over time to reduce pollutants.
- penalties are applied if limits are exceeded

Question 33

Bush actions on climate change

Answer 33

1. edited reports from fed. agencies to emphasize uncertainties
2. stifled communication from climate scientists
3. EPA didn’t consider GHG pollution as a threat

Question 34

As of 2012, there was no national policy for climate change; however,

Answer 34

many states were addressing it

Question 35

Mitigation tools

Answer 35

15 wedge strategies in four categories

Question 36

15 wedge strategies in four categories

Answer 36

efficiency, conservation, fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables

Question 37

Two most efficient ways to reduce GHGs

Answer 37

Efficiency and renewables

Question 38

Examples of adaptation strategies

Answer 38

1. Agriculture
2. Structures
3. Emergency preparedness
4. Reducing risks
5. Development, controlling disease, economic progress

Question 39

Agricultural examples of adaptation strategies

Answer 39

climate-resistant crops (switching from corn to cotton), irrigation

Question 40

Structural examples of adaptation strategies

Answer 40

seawalls (levys: earth walls that hold water back), reservoirs, revegetation of coasts

Question 41

Emergency preparedness examples of adaptation strategies

Answer 41

early-warning systems

Question 42

Reducing risks as adaptation strategies

Answer 42

financial safety nets, proper insurance

Question 43

Who will climate change impact the most

Answer 43

developing nations

Question 44

Who will suffer disproportionately because of climate change?

Answer 44

the poor

Question 45

Who will bear the greatest burden because of climate change

Answer 45

countries with the fewest resources

Question 46

Geoengineering

Answer 46

Futuristic schemes to fight climate change may not work

Question 47

Examples of geoengineering

Answer 47

1. fertilizing oceans with iron to stimulate photosynthesis
2. scrubbers to remove and store CO2
3. sulfate particles or satellites to block solar radiation

Question 48

Biomes

Answer 48

reflect plant, animal, and microbe adaptations to the prevailing weather patterns of a region

Question 49

What are biomes characterized by?

Answer 49

precipitation and temperature

Question 50

The film An Inconvenient Truth

Answer 50

about increasing CO2 levels leading to increased temperatures

Question 51

Proxies

Answer 51

other records providing information on climate

Question 52

What do proxies help us study?

Answer 52

climates from the past

Question 53

What do proxies use?

Answer 53

temperature, ice cover, precipitation, tree rings, pollen, landscapes, marine sediments, corals, etc.