Chapter 18 and 20.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Disinfection

A

Chlorine is added to water for disinfection

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2
Q

Corrosion control

A

pH is adjusted

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3
Q

Screening

A

wood, rocks, and even dead animals are removed from the wastewater

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4
Q

Pumping

A

the water has to be pumped into aeration tanks if the plant is built above groud

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5
Q

Aerating

A

shake up the sewage and expose it to air so some of the dissolved gasses are released from the water

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6
Q

What does aeration replenish?

A

oxygen

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7
Q

Early in the Industrial Revolution…

A

Chemicals and sewage were dumped directly into the U.S. waterways

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8
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-carrying bacteria, viruses, parasites

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9
Q

Organic matter

A

human and animal wastes, leaves, grass, trash, etc.

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10
Q

Inorganic chemicals

A

heavy metals, acids from mine drainage or precipitation

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11
Q

Organic chemicals

A

petroleum, pesticides, industrial chemicals

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12
Q

Industrial chemicals

A

polychlorinated biphenyls, cleaning solvents, detergents

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13
Q

Biomagnification

A

chemicals become concentrated when going up the food chain

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14
Q

What do land weathering and storms wash into water?

A

sediments

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15
Q

What increases sedimentation?

A

Erosion from farms, deforestation, overgrazing, construction, mining, and roads

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16
Q

Atmoshpere

A

a collection of gases held by gravity around the Earth

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17
Q

Troposphere

A

the lowest level (ground to 10 miles up)

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18
Q

What occurs in the troposphere?

A

air pollution, weather, and storms

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19
Q

Why is the troposphere important?

A

Weather is dependent on changes in this layer

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20
Q

Stratosphere

A

temperature increases with altitude (40 miles above Earth’s surface)

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21
Q

What does the stratosphere contain?

A

Ozone (O3)(ozone destruction area)

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22
Q

Ozone

A

absorbs the sun’s high energy radiation

23
Q

Mesosphere and thermosphere

A

declining ozone levels (highest levels)

24
Q

Weather

A

day-to-day variations in temperature, air pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, all mediated by the atmosphere

25
Climate
the result of long-term regional weather patterns
26
Meteorology
the study of the atmosphere (weather and climate)
27
Climate
the general patterns of weather that characterize different regions of the world
28
Climate results from all the combined elements of:
1. general atmospheric circulation patterns and precipitation 2. wind and the weather systems 3. rotation and tilt of Earth (creates seasons)
29
Adaptation
anticipate harm and plan adaptive responses to decrease vulnerability of people, property, and the biosphere
30
Mitigation
take action to prevent emissions
31
The world's larges GHG emitters are not participation
India, China, U.S.
32
Cap-and-trade programs
government sets GHG limits, which are gradually lowered over time to reduce pollutants. - penalties are applied if limits are exceeded
33
Bush actions on climate change
1. edited reports from fed. agencies to emphasize uncertainties 2. stifled communication from climate scientists 3. EPA didn't consider GHG pollution as a threat
34
As of 2012, there was no national policy for climate change; however,
many states were addressing it
35
Mitigation tools
15 wedge strategies in four categories
36
15 wedge strategies in four categories
efficiency, conservation, fossil fuels, nuclear, renewables
37
Two most efficient ways to reduce GHGs
Efficiency and renewables
38
Examples of adaptation strategies
1. Agriculture 2. Structures 3. Emergency preparedness 4. Reducing risks 5. Development, controlling disease, economic progress
39
Agricultural examples of adaptation strategies
climate-resistant crops (switching from corn to cotton), irrigation
40
Structural examples of adaptation strategies
seawalls (levys: earth walls that hold water back), reservoirs, revegetation of coasts
41
Emergency preparedness examples of adaptation strategies
early-warning systems
42
Reducing risks as adaptation strategies
financial safety nets, proper insurance
43
Who will climate change impact the most
developing nations
44
Who will suffer disproportionately because of climate change?
the poor
45
Who will bear the greatest burden because of climate change
countries with the fewest resources
46
Geoengineering
Futuristic schemes to fight climate change may not work
47
Examples of geoengineering
1. fertilizing oceans with iron to stimulate photosynthesis 2. scrubbers to remove and store CO2 3. sulfate particles or satellites to block solar radiation
48
Biomes
reflect plant, animal, and microbe adaptations to the prevailing weather patterns of a region
49
What are biomes characterized by?
precipitation and temperature
50
The film An Inconvenient Truth
about increasing CO2 levels leading to increased temperatures
51
Proxies
other records providing information on climate
52
What do proxies help us study?
climates from the past
53
What do proxies use?
temperature, ice cover, precipitation, tree rings, pollen, landscapes, marine sediments, corals, etc.