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Environmental Science > Chapter 10: Water: Hydrolic Cucle and Human Use > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Water: Hydrolic Cucle and Human Use Flashcards

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1
Q

How much volume did the Aral Sea lose?

A

90%

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2
Q

How many feet did the Aral Sea water level drop by?

A

53 feet

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3
Q

What percent of all water is salt water?

A

97.5%

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4
Q

Fresh water

A

contains < 0.1% salt

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5
Q

What percent of fresh water is bound up in ice caps and glaciers?

A

67%

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6
Q

What contains water?

A
  1. streams
  2. rivers
  3. ponds
  4. lakes
  5. swamps
  6. estuaries
  7. groundwater
  8. bays
  9. oceans
  10. atmosphere
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7
Q

What have humans constructed to control water?

A

huge infastructures

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8
Q

What will challenge water management infastructure?

A

Increasing population

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9
Q

What will affect the hydrologic cycle?

A

Climate change

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10
Q

Hydrologic (water) cycle

A

the cycling of water through the Earth

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11
Q

Evaporation

A

water molecules leave liquid state and enter gaseous state

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12
Q

Transpiration

A

loss of water vapor from plants through leaf pores

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13
Q

Condensation

A

the collecting of water molecules in the gaseous state to form the liquid state

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14
Q

Precipitation

A

water returns to the land and oceans

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15
Q

Green water

A

water in vapor form

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16
Q

Blue water

A

water in liquid form

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17
Q

Humidity

A

amount of water vapor in air

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18
Q

Relative humidity

A

the amount of water vapor as a percent of what the air can hold at a particular temperature

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19
Q

What is the opposite of evaporation

A

Condensation

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20
Q

Aerosols

A

microscopic liquid or solid particles

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21
Q

What happens when condensing intensifies?

A

Droplets become larger, gravity pulls them to Earth as precipitation

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22
Q

Trade winds

A

Earth’s rotation deflects winds east and west

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23
Q

Rain shadow

A

the dry region downwind of a mountain range

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24
Q

Where do deserts occur on mountains?

A

The leeward side

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25
Q

Infiltration-runoff ratio

A

the amount of water that soaks into the ground compared with the amount that runs off

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26
Q

Watershed

A

all the land area contributing to a stream or river

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27
Q

Surface waters

A

ponts, lakes, streams, rivers, etc. on the Earth’s surface

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28
Q

Capillary water

A

held in the soil, according to the soil’s capacity

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29
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

the combination of evaporation and transpiration

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30
Q

Gravitational water

A

is not held in the soil

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31
Q

Percolation

A

trickling of water through pores or cracks in the soil under the pull of gravity

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32
Q

Groundwater

A

water accumulated in the earth

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33
Q

Water table

A

the upper surface of groundwater

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34
Q

What does groundwater lie on top of?

A

an impervious layer of rock or clay

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35
Q

Aquifers

A

layers of porous material through which groundwater moves

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36
Q

Recharge area

A

the area where water enters an aquifer

37
Q

Seep

A

water flows out in a wide area

38
Q

Spring

A

water flows from a small opening

39
Q

Four categories of human impacts on the hydrologic cycle

A
  1. changes to Earth’s surface
  2. changes to Earth’s climate
  3. Atmospheric pollution
  4. Withdrawls for human use
40
Q

What is water’s largest use for?

A

Irrigation, then industry and direct human use

41
Q

What are most increases in withdrawl of water due to?

A

Increases in agriculture

42
Q

How much does irrigation account for of freshwater consumption in the U.S.?

A

65%

43
Q

What percent of domestic water comes from groundwater sources?

A

37%

44
Q

What percent of demestic water comes from surface water?

A

63%

45
Q

Where do rural people in developing nations get water?

A

Wells, rivers, lakes, rainwater

- women often have to walk long distances

46
Q

Whater in developing nations is often…

A

polluted with waste

47
Q

How many people use polluted water?

A

1.1 billion

48
Q

How many people die each year due to polluted water?

A

1.6 million (mostly children

49
Q

Millennium Development Goal 7

A

increase access to safe drinking water

50
Q

The Ogallala aquifer

A

supplies water to seven U.S. states (20% of the irrigated land in the U.S.)

51
Q

How much have the water tables in the Ogallala aquifer dropped and how much does it continue to drop a year?

A

30-60 m (100-200ft)

6ft/year

52
Q

What does sustainability depend on?

A

balancing withdrawal rates with recharge rates

53
Q

Land subsidence

A

gradual setting of the land

54
Q

Sinkhole

A

another kind of land subsidence

55
Q

What five possibilities exist to meet the future water needs?

A
  1. Capture more runoff water
  2. Tapping more groundwater
  3. Desalting seawater
  4. Using less water
  5. Making food production more efficient
56
Q

How can more runoff water be captured?

A

New dams

57
Q

How many new dams become operational each year?

A

260

58
Q

What river was China’s Three Gorges Dam constructed across?

A

Yangtze River

59
Q

The centerpiece of the Chinese government’s efforts to industrialize

A

Three Gorges Dam

60
Q

The largest hydroelectric project in the world

A

Three Gorges Dam

61
Q

Groundwater depletion

A

the greatest threat to irrigated agriculture

62
Q

What else is polluting groundwater?

A

fertilizers, pesticides, animal waste, and industrial chemicals

63
Q

Desalination

A

desalting of seawater for domestic use

64
Q

Most people in the U.S. can afford…

A

desalinized water

65
Q

How many gallons/person/day do people in developing nations use?

A

1

66
Q

How much water do people in the U.S. use per day?

A

100 gallons per day (380 liters)

67
Q

Instead of thinking about how much water is available and where we get it, what should we be thinking?

A

How much water is available and how we can best use it

68
Q

Why has the rate of water use dropped?

A

Conservation

69
Q

Current flood or center-pivot irrigation…

A

wastes huge amounts of water

70
Q

What does the drip irrigation method use?

A

pipes with holes to drip water at the base of each plant

71
Q

What does the drip irrigation method do?

A

wastes less water, retards salination, increases yields

72
Q

Why don’t farmers switch to drip irrigation?

A

It’s cheaper to use traditional method than switch

73
Q

How does the government try to get people to switch to drip irrigation?

A

it pays $400 per acre in subsidies

74
Q

What would reducing subsidies do?

A

encourage water conservation through using more efficient irrigation technologies

75
Q

Who cannot afford irrigation?

A

Rural poor in developing countries

76
Q

What do low-cost treadle pumps allow farmers to do?

A

irrigate fields

77
Q

How does the dreadle work?

A

like a step exercise machine

78
Q

Xerscaping

A

planting plants that don’t require watering

79
Q

50 million U.S. low-flow toilets save…

A

600 million gallons/day

80
Q

Gray water

A

slightly dirtied water from sinks, showers, tubs, and laundry

81
Q

What does conservation tillage enhance?

A

rainfall retention and soil fertility

82
Q

What does conservation tillage decrease?

A

erosion

83
Q

Water wars

A

conflicts between using water for drinking and using it for agricutlure

84
Q

What does the U.S. need?

A

A water policy to collect data on water resources and problems and issue recommendations

85
Q

What must be the primary strategy for meeting future needs

A

Water efficiency

86
Q

Water subsidies

A

must be reduced or eliminated

87
Q

Polluters

A

must be charged according to their effluents

88
Q

Dams

A

must be operated to maintain river flow that simulates natural flow regimes

89
Q

The U.S. must provide…

A

international development aid

Environmental Science (14 decks)

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